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Stefanów J, Sobieraj K, Hejna M, Pawęska K, Świechowski K. Fuel Characteristics and Phytotoxicity Assay of Biochar Derived from Rose Pruning Waste. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1895. [PMID: 38673252 PMCID: PMC11051787 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the characterization and evaluation of applicability as a soil amendment of biochar derived from rose pruning waste at different pyrolysis temperatures (200-500 °C) and process durations (20-60 min). The biochar properties were compared to the raw material. The biochars produced at 300 °C for 40 and 60 min demonstrated the best fuel properties. These variants showed high energy gain rates (77.6 ± 1.5% and 74.8 ± 1.5%, respectively), energy densification ratios (1.35 ± 0.00 and 1.37 ± 0.00, respectively), high heating values (24,720 ± 267 J × g-1 and 25,113 ± 731 J × g-1, respectively), and relative low ash contents (5.9 ± 0.5% and 7.1 ± 0.3%, respectively). Regarding fertilizer properties, such as pH value, ash content, heavy metal content, and pollutant elution, the biochars showed better qualities than the raw material. All tested biochar did not exceed the permissible values for heavy metals, including Cr, Cd, Ni, and Pb. The most optimal properties for soil amendments were noted for biochar variants of 400 °C for 40 min, 450 °C for 20 min, and 500 °C for 20 min. Generally, biochars produced at temperatures ≥400 °C did not inhibit root elongation, except for the material produced at 450 °C for 60 min (4.08 ± 23.34%). Biochars obtained at ≥300 °C showed a positive impact on seed germination (86.67 ± 18.48-100 ± 24.14%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stefanów
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (J.S.); (K.S.); (K.Ś.)
| | - Karolina Sobieraj
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (J.S.); (K.S.); (K.Ś.)
| | - Małgorzata Hejna
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (J.S.); (K.S.); (K.Ś.)
| | - Katarzyna Pawęska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 24 Grunwaldzki Square, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Kacper Świechowski
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (J.S.); (K.S.); (K.Ś.)
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Syguła E, Gałęzowska M, Białowiec A. Enhanced Production of Biogas Using Biochar-Sulfur Composite in the Methane Fermentation Process. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134517. [PMID: 35806641 PMCID: PMC9267185 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The methane fermentation of organic waste is one way to minimize organic waste, which accounts for 77% of the global municipal waste stream. The use of biochar as an additive for methane fermentation has been shown to increase the production potential of biogas. Sulfur waste has a potential application to synergistic recycling in a form of composites with other materials including biochar. A composite product in the form of a mixture of biochar and molten sulfur has been proposed. In this experiment, additions of the sulfur−biochar composite (SBC) were tested to improve the fermentation process. The biochar was produced from apple chips under the temperature of 500 °C. The ground biochar and sulfur (<1 mm particle size) were mixed in the proportion of 40% biochar and 60% sulfur and heated to 140 °C for sulfur melting. After cooling, the solidified composite was ground. The SBC was added in the dose rate of 10% by dry mass of prepared artificial kitchen waste. Wet anaerobic digestion was carried out in the batch reactors under a temperature of 37 °C for 21 days. As an inoculum, the digestate from Bio-Wat Sp. z. o. o., Świdnica, Poland, was used. The results showed that released biogas reached 672 mL × gvs−1, and the yield was 4% higher than in the variant without the SBC. Kinetics study indicated that the biogas production constant rate reached 0.214 d−1 and was 4.4% higher than in the variant without the SBC.
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Carbonized Solid Fuel Production from Polylactic Acid and Paper Waste Due to Torrefaction. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14227051. [PMID: 34832452 PMCID: PMC8620361 DOI: 10.3390/ma14227051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The quantity of biodegradable plastics is increasing steadily and taking a larger share in the residual waste stream. As the calorific value of biodegradable plastic is almost two-fold lower than that of conventional ones, its increasing quantity decreases the overall calorific value of municipal solid waste and refuse-derived fuel which is used as feedstock for cement and incineration plants. For that reason, in this work, the torrefaction of biodegradable waste, polylactic acid (PLA), and paper was performed for carbonized solid fuel (CSF) production. In this work, we determined the process yields, fuel properties, process kinetics, theoretical energy, and mass balance. We show that the calorific value of PLA cannot be improved by torrefaction, and that the process cannot be self-sufficient, while the calorific value of paper can be improved up to 10% by the same process. Moreover, the thermogravimetric analysis revealed that PLA decomposes in one stage at ~290–400 °C with a maximum peak at 367 °C, following a 0.42 reaction order with the activation energy of 160.05 kJ·(mol·K)−1.
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Medical Peat Waste Upcycling to Carbonized Solid Fuel in the Torrefaction Process. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14196053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peat is the main type of peloid used in Polish cosmetic/healing spa facilities. Depending on treatment and origin, peat waste can be contaminated microbiologically, and as a result, it must be incinerated in medical waste incineration plants without energy recovery (local law). Such a situation leads to peat waste management costs increase. Therefore, in this work, we checked the possibility of peat waste upcycling to carbonized solid fuel (CSF) using torrefaction. Torrefaction is a thermal treatment process that removes microbiological contamination and improves the fuel properties of peat waste. In this work, the torrefaction conditions (temperature and time) on CSF quality were tested. Parallelly, peat decomposition kinetics using TGA and torrefaction kinetics with lifetime prediction using macro-TGA were determined. Furthermore, torrefaction theoretical mass and energy balance were determined. The results were compared with reference material (wood), and as a result, obtained data can be used to adjust currently used wood torrefaction technologies for peat torrefaction. The results show that torrefaction improves the high heating value of peat waste from 19.0 to 21.3 MJ × kg−1, peat main decomposition takes place at 200–550 °C following second reaction order (n = 2), with an activation energy of 33.34 kJ × mol−1, and pre-exponential factor of 4.40 × 10−1 s−1. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that peat torrefaction required slightly more energy than wood torrefaction, and macro-TGA showed that peat torrefaction has lower torrefaction constant reaction rates (k) than wood 1.05 × 10−5–3.15 × 10−5 vs. 1.43 × 10−5–7.25 × 10−5 s−1.
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Municipal Solid Waste Thermal Analysis—Pyrolysis Kinetics and Decomposition Reactions. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14154510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 12 organic waste materials were subjected to TG/DTG thermogravimetric analysis and DSC calorimetric analysis. These analyses provided basic information about thermochemical transformations and degradation rates during organic waste pyrolysis. Organic waste materials were divided into six basic groups as follows: paper, cardboard, textiles, plastics, hygiene waste, and biodegradable waste. For each group, two waste materials were selected to be studied. Research materials were (i) paper (receipts, cotton wool); (ii) cardboard (cardboard, egg carton); (iii) textiles (cotton, leather); (iv) plastics (polyethylene (PET), polyurethane (PU)); (v) hygiene waste (diapers, leno); and (vi) biodegradable waste (chicken meat, potato peel). Waste materials were chosen to represent the most abundant waste that can be found in the municipal solid waste stream. Based on TG results, kinetic parameters according to the Coats–Redfern method were determined. The pyrolysis activation energy was the highest for cotton, 134.5 kJ × (mol∙K)−1, and the lowest for leather, 25.2 kJ × (mol∙K)−1. The DSC analysis showed that a number of transformations occurred during pyrolysis for each material. For each transformation, the normalized energy required for transformation, or released during transformation, was determined, and then summarized to present the energy balance. The study found that the energy balance was negative for only three waste materials—PET (−220.1 J × g−1), leather (−66.8 J × g−1), and chicken meat (−130.3 J × g−1)—whereas the highest positive balance value was found for potato peelings (367.8 J × g−1). The obtained results may be applied for the modelling of energy and mass balance of municipal solid waste pyrolysis.
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Hájek J, Hönig V, Obergruber M, Jenčík J, Vráblík A, Černý R, Pšenička M, Herink T. Advanced Biofuels Based on Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis for Applications in Gasoline Engines. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113134. [PMID: 34200359 PMCID: PMC8201014 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the article is to determine the properties of fuel mixtures of Fischer-Tropsch naphtha fraction with traditional gasoline (petrol) to be able to integrate the production of advanced alternative fuel based on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis into existing fuel markets. The density, octane number, vapor pressure, cloud point, water content, sulphur content, refractive index, ASTM color, heat of combustion, and fuel composition were measured using the gas chromatography method PIONA. It was found that fuel properties of Fischer-Tropsch naphtha fraction is not much comparable to conventional gasoline (petrol) due to the high n-alkane content. This research work recommends the creation of a low-percentage mixture of 3 vol.% of FT naphtha fraction with traditional gasoline to minimize negative effects-similar to the current legislative limit of 5 vol.% of bioethanol in E5 gasoline. FT naphtha fraction as a biocomponent does not contain sulphur or polyaromatic hydrocarbons nor benzene. Waste materials can be processed by FT synthesis. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis can be considered a universal fuel-the naphtha fraction cut can be declared as a biocomponent for gasoline fuel without any further necessary catalytic upgrading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Hájek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.O.); (J.J.)
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (M.P.); (T.H.)
| | - Vladimír Hönig
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.O.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michal Obergruber
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.O.); (J.J.)
| | - Jan Jenčík
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.O.); (J.J.)
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (M.P.); (T.H.)
| | - Aleš Vráblík
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (M.P.); (T.H.)
| | - Radek Černý
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (M.P.); (T.H.)
| | - Martin Pšenička
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (M.P.); (T.H.)
| | - Tomáš Herink
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (M.P.); (T.H.)
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Jenčík J, Hönig V, Obergruber M, Hájek J, Vráblík A, Černý R, Schlehöfer D, Herink T. Advanced Biofuels Based on Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis for Applications in Diesel Engines. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3077. [PMID: 34199859 PMCID: PMC8200061 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the evaluation of the fuel properties of Fischer-Tropsch diesel blends with conventional diesel. Incorporating this advanced fuel into conventional diesel production will enable the use of waste materials and non-food materials as resources, while contributing to a reduction in dependence on crude oil. To evaluate the suitability of using Fischer-Tropsch diesel, cetane number, cetane index, CFPP, density, flash point, heat of combustion, lubricity, viscosity, distillation curve, and fuel composition ratios using multidimensional GC × GC-TOFMS for different blends were measured. It was found that the fuel properties of the blended fuel are comparable to conventional diesel and even outperform conventional fuel in some parameters. All measurements were performed according to current standards, thus ensuring the repeatability of measurements for other research groups or the private sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jenčík
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (M.O.); (J.H.)
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Vladimír Hönig
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (M.O.); (J.H.)
| | - Michal Obergruber
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (M.O.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiří Hájek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (M.O.); (J.H.)
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Aleš Vráblík
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Radek Černý
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Dominik Schlehöfer
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Tomáš Herink
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (D.S.); (T.H.)
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Gondek K, Mierzwa-Hersztek M, Grzymała W, Głąb T, Bajda T. Cavitated Charcoal-An Innovative Method for Affecting the Biochemical Properties of Soil. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092466. [PMID: 34068651 PMCID: PMC8126090 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermal biomass transformation products are considered to be one of the best materials for improving soil properties. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of charcoal after cavitation on the chemical and biochemical properties of soil. The study was carried out with a 10% aqueous charcoal mixture that was introduced into loamy sand and clay at rates of 1.76%, 3.5%, 7.0%, and 14.0%. The effect of the application of cavitated charcoal was tested on Sorghum saccharatum (L.). Soil and plant material was collected to determine chemical and biochemical properties. The application of cavitated charcoal reduced the acidification of both soils. The highest rate (14.0%) of cavitated charcoal increased the content of soil total carbon (CTot) by 197% in the loamy sand compared to CTot in the control treatments, 19% for clay soil, respectively. The application of cavitated charcoal did not significantly change the total content of heavy metals. Regardless of the element and the soil used, the application of cavitated charcoal reduced the content of the CaCl2-extracted forms of heavy metals. Following the application of cavitated charcoal, the loamy sand soil presented an even lower content of the most mobile forms of the studied elements. It should also be noted that regardless of the soil texture, mobile forms of the elements decreased with the increased cavitated charcoal rate. The results of dehydrogenase and urease activity indicated the low metabolic activity of the microbial population in the soils, especially with the relatively high rates (7.0% and 14.0%) of cavitated charcoal. However, the cavitated charcoal used in the study showed a significant, positive effect on the amount of biomass S. saccharatum (L.), and its application significantly reduced the heavy metal content in the biomass of S. saccharatum (L.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Gondek
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (T.G.); (T.B.)
| | - Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Głąb
- Department of Machinery Exploitation, Ergonomics and Production Processes, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Ul. Balicka 116B, 31-149 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (T.G.); (T.B.)
| | - Tomasz Bajda
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (T.G.); (T.B.)
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