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Lin J, Schaller M, Cherkashinin G, Indris S, Du J, Ritter C, Kondrakov A, Janek J, Brezesinski T, Strauss F. Synthetic Tailoring of Ionic Conductivity in Multicationic Substituted, High-Entropy Lithium Argyrodite Solid Electrolytes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306832. [PMID: 38009745 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Superionic conductors are key components of solid-state batteries (SSBs). Multicomponent or high-entropy materials, offering a vast compositional space for tailoring properties, have recently attracted attention as novel solid electrolytes (SEs). However, the influence of synthetic parameters on ionic conductivity in compositionally complex SEs has not yet been investigated. Herein, the effect of cooling rate after high-temperature annealing on charge transport in the multicationic substituted lithium argyrodite Li6.5[P0.25Si0.25Ge0.25Sb0.25]S5I is reported. It is demonstrated that a room-temperature ionic conductivity of ∼12 mS cm-1 can be achieved upon cooling at a moderate rate, superior to that of fast- and slow-cooled samples. To rationalize the findings, the material is probed using powder diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy combined with electrochemical methods. In the case of moderate cooling rate, favorable structural (bulk) and compositional (surface) characteristics for lithium diffusion evolve. Li6.5[P0.25Si0.25Ge0.25Sb0.25]S5I is also electrochemically tested in pellet-type SSBs with a layered Ni-rich oxide cathode. Although delivering larger specific capacities than Li6PS5Cl-based cells at high current rates, the lower (electro)chemical stability of the high-entropy Li-ion conductor led to pronounced capacity fading. The research data indicate that subtle changes in bulk structure and surface composition strongly affect the electrical conductivity of high-entropy lithium argyrodites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mareen Schaller
- Institute for Applied Materials-Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gennady Cherkashinin
- Advanced Thin Film Technology, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Str. 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sylvio Indris
- Institute for Applied Materials-Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jianxuan Du
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Aleksandr Kondrakov
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Brezesinski
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Florian Strauss
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Ringgaard E, Levassort F, Wang K, Vaitekunas J, Nagata H. Lead-Free Piezoelectric Transducers. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2024; 71:3-15. [PMID: 38060358 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2023.3340950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Research activities on lead-free piezoelectric materials have been ongoing for over 20 years. Generally, the applicability of the main material families is less universal than that of lead-based compositions such as lead zirconate titanate, but in some cases, the corresponding applications have already been identified. Due to the extensive research, it is now possible to manufacture demonstrators and prototypes for different applications and the authors propose in this article to take stock of these advances. For this, we have chosen to first recall briefly the main new material systems using a simplistic "soft" and "hard" classification for approaching the various resonant transducer applications. Medical imaging applications that represent one of the most important fields are presented in a second step together with other low-power transducers. Then, a variety of applications are merged under the heading of high-power transducers. In addition, we mention two points that are important to consider when manufacturing at a larger scale. For the design of transducers, complete datasets must be available, especially if modeling tools are used. Finally, the commercialization of these lead-free materials imposes essential secondary requirements in terms of availability, reproducibility, sample size, and so on.
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