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He D, Chen Y, Chen S, Lin Y, Wu J. High-Temperature Tensile Characteristics of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy: Fracture Characteristics and a Physical Mechanism Constitutive Model. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2628. [PMID: 38893892 PMCID: PMC11173619 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
High-temperature tensile tests were developed to explore the flow features of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. The fracture characteristics and microstructural evolution mechanisms were thoroughly revealed. The results demonstrated that both intergranular fractures and ductile fractures occurred, which affected the hot tensile fracture mechanism. During high-temperature tensile, the second phase (Al2CuMg) at the grain boundaries (GBs) promoted the formation and accumulation of dimples. With the continual progression of high-temperature tensile, the aggregation/coarsening of dimples along GBs appear, aggravating the intergranular fracture. The coalescence and coarsen of dimples are reinforced at higher tensile temperatures or lower strain rates. Considering the impact of microstructural evolution and dimple formation/coarsening on tensile stresses, a physical mechanism constitutive (PMC) equation is herein proposed. According to the validation and analysis, the predictive results were in preferable accordance with the testing data, showing the outstanding reconfiguration capability of the PMC model for high-temperature tensile features in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoguang He
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (D.H.); (Y.C.); (S.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (D.H.); (Y.C.); (S.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shibing Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (D.H.); (Y.C.); (S.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yongcheng Lin
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (D.H.); (Y.C.); (S.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jiafu Wu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (D.H.); (Y.C.); (S.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Qiang K, Wang S, Wang H, Zeng Z, Qi L. Study on the Constitutive Modeling of (2.5 vol%TiB + 2.5 vol%TiC)/TC4 Composites under Hot Compression Conditions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:619. [PMID: 38591474 PMCID: PMC10856616 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The hot deformation behavior of titanium matrix composites plays a crucial role in determining the performance of the formed components. Therefore, it is significant to establish an accurate constitutive relationship between material deformation parameters and flow stress. In this study, hot compression experiments were conducted on a (2.5 vol%TiB + 2.5 vol%TiC)/TC4. The experiments were performed under temperatures ranging from 1013.15 to 1133.15 K and strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 s-1. Based on the stress-strain data obtained from the experiment, the constitutive models were established by using the Arrhenius model and the BP neural network algorithm, respectively. Considering the relationship between strain rate, hot working temperature, and flow stress, a comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the prediction accuracy of two different constitutive models. The research results indicate that the flow stress of (2.5 vol%TiB + 2.5 vol%TiC)/TC4 increases with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate, and the stress-strain curve shows obvious work hardening and softening behaviors. Both the Arrhenius model and the BP neural network algorithm are effective in predicting the hot compression flow stress of (2.5 vol%TiB + 2.5 vol%TiC)/TC4, but the average relative error and root mean square error of the BP neural network algorithm are smaller and the correlation coefficient is higher, thus possessing higher accuracy and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehao Qiang
- College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China;
| | - Shisong Wang
- College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China;
| | - Haowen Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhulin Zeng
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Liangzhao Qi
- College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China;
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He D, Xie H, Lin Y, Xu Z, Tan X, Xiao G. High-Temperature Compression Behaviors and Constitutive Models of a 7046-Aluminum Alloy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6412. [PMID: 37834549 PMCID: PMC10573377 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature forming behaviors of a 7046-aluminum alloy were investigated by hot compression experiments. The microstructural evolution features with the changes in deformation parameters were dissected. Results indicated the formation of massive dislocation clusters/cells and subgrains through the intense DRV mechanism at low compression temperature. With an increase in deformation temperature, the annihilation of dislocations and the coarsening of subgrains/DRX grains became prominent, due to the collaborative effects of the DRV and DRX mechanisms. However, the growth of subgrains and DRX grains displayed the weakening trend at high strain rates. Moreover, two constitutive models involving a physically based (PB) model and a gate recurrent unit (GRU) model were proposed for predicting the hot compression features. By validation analysis, the predicted values of true stress perfectly fit with the experimental data, indicating that both the proposed PB model and the GRU model can accurately predict the hot compression behaviors of 7046-aluminum alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoguang He
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (H.X.); (Y.L.); (G.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Han Xie
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (H.X.); (Y.L.); (G.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yongcheng Lin
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (H.X.); (Y.L.); (G.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhengbing Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-Ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Xianhua Tan
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (H.X.); (Y.L.); (G.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (H.X.); (Y.L.); (G.X.)
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Li J, Du D, Yang X, Qiu Y, Xiang S. Determining Homogenization Parameters and Predicting 5182-Sc-Zr Alloy Properties by Artificial Neural Networks. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5315. [PMID: 37570019 PMCID: PMC10419564 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were established for the homogenization and recrystallization heat treatment processes of 5182-Sc-Zr alloy. Microhardness and conductivity testing were utilized to determine the precipitation state of Al3(ScxZr1-x) dispersoids during the homogenization treatment, while electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the microstructure evolution of the alloy. Tensile experiments were performed to test the mechanical properties of the alloy after recrystallization annealing. The two-stage homogenization parameters were determined by studying the changes in microhardness and electrical conductivity of 5182-Sc-Zr alloy after homogenization with the assistance of artificial neural networks: the first-stage homogenization at 275 °C for 20 h and the second-stage homogenization at 440 °C for 12 h. The dispersoids had entirely precipitated after homogenization, and the alloy segregation had improved. A high-accuracy prediction model, incorporating multiple influencing factors through artificial neural networks, was successfully established to predict the mechanical properties of the 5182-Sc-Zr alloy after annealing. Based on the atomic plane spacing in HRTEM, it was determined that the Al3(ScxZr1-x) dispersoids and the Al matrix maintained a good coherence relationship after annealing at 400 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Li
- Department of Materials Engineering, Sichuan Engineering Technical College, Deyang 618000, China; (J.L.); (D.D.)
| | - Dongfang Du
- Department of Materials Engineering, Sichuan Engineering Technical College, Deyang 618000, China; (J.L.); (D.D.)
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (Y.Q.); (S.X.)
| | - Youcai Qiu
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (Y.Q.); (S.X.)
| | - Shihua Xiang
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (Y.Q.); (S.X.)
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Lei C, Wang Q, Ebrahimi M, Li D, Tang H, Zhang N, Cai H. Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of an As-Cast Al-5Mg-3Zn-1Cu (wt%) Alloy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114093. [PMID: 37297227 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the key issues limiting the application of Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloys in the automotive industry is forming at a low cost. Isothermal uniaxial compression was accomplished in the range of 300-450 °C, 0.001-10 s-1 to study the hot deformation behavior of an as-cast Al-5.07Mg-3.01Zn-1.11Cu-0.01Ti alloy. Its rheological behavior presented characteristics of work-hardening followed by dynamic softening and its flow stress was accurately described by the proposed strain-compensated Arrhenius-type constitutive model. Three-dimensional processing maps were established. The instability was mainly concentrated in regions with high strain rates or low temperatures, with cracking being the main instability. A workable domain was determined as 385-450 °C, 0.001-0.26 s-1, in which dynamic recovery (DRV) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurred. As the temperature rose, the dominant dynamic softening mechanism shifted from DRV to DRX. The DRX mechanisms transformed from continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX), and particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) at 350 °C, 0.1 s-1 to CDRX and DDRX at 450 °C, 0.01 s-1, and eventually to DDRX at 450 °C, 0.001 s-1. The eutectic T-Mg32(AlZnCu)49 phase facilitated DRX nucleation and did not trigger instability in the workable domain. This work demonstrates that the workability of as-cast Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloys with low Zn/Mg ratios is sufficient for hot forming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Lei
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qudong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dezhi Li
- Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Nannan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huisheng Cai
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Wang L, Ji L, Yang K, Gao X, Chen H, Chi Q. The Flow Stress-Strain and Dynamic Recrystallization Kinetics Behavior of High-Grade Pipeline Steels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7356. [PMID: 36295422 PMCID: PMC9612052 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The hot deformation behavior of high-grade pipeline steels was studied in the strain rate range of 0.001~0.1 s-1 and the temperature range of 1050~1200 °C by using hot compression tests on a Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator. The flow stress increases with the increase in strain rate and the decrease in deformation temperature, and the deformation activation energy is about 358 kJ/mol. The flows stress-strain behavior of the work-hardening and dynamic recovery (DRV) was calculated using the Estrin-Mecking equation, and the kinetics model of the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was established based on the Avrami equation through characteristic strains. Furthermore, the flow stress-strain behavior of high-grade pipeline steels was predicted by the established model based on the coupling effects of DRV and DRX. The corresponding predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental results according to standard statistical parameters analysis. Finally, the economic strain (ε3) is proposed by the third derivative of the given kinetic model. Based on these calculation results, when the economic strain (ε3) is reached, uniform and refined DRX grains can be obtained, the energy consumption reduced, and the production costs controlled, which is of great significance to actual factory production.
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