1
|
Wang L, Bai J, Wang Y, Men Z. A Review of Research Progress on Ti(C,N)-Based Cermet Binder by Intermetallic Compounds and High-Entropy Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:675. [PMID: 38591548 PMCID: PMC10856317 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Ti(C,N)-based cermet is a kind of composite material composed of a metal binder phase and a Ti(C,N)-hard phase, which is widely used in the fields of cutting machining and wear-resistant parts due to its high hardness, good toughness, wear resistance, and chemical stability. In recent years, the research on the replacement of traditional Ni, Co, and Fe binder phases by novel binder phases such as intermetallic compounds and high-entropy alloys has made remarkable progress, which significantly improves the mechanical properties, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature oxidation resistance of Ti(C,N)-based cermets. This paper reviews the latest research results, summarizes the mechanism of the new binder to improve the performance of metal-ceramics, and looks forward to the future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Chengdu Aeronautic Polytechnic, Chengdu 610100, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oliveira G, Senos A, Fernandes C, Figueiredo D, Vieira T. Material Extrusion to Manufacture Carbide-Based Advanced Cutting Tools. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6902. [PMID: 37959498 PMCID: PMC10648353 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Material extrusion (MEX) allows for the production of advanced cutting tools with new internal cooling systems, which are suitable for new machining equipment. To produce cutting tools via this process, hardmetal and cermet feedstock must be prepared for the extrusion of 3D printing filaments. After shaping the 3D object (green), debinding and sintering must be performed to achieve densification. Defects and microstructural heterogeneities were studied according to the powder material. The present study shows that, although MEX is a viable solution for hardmetals, it needs to produce homogeneous filaments for cermets. The WC-Co bulk microstructures versus hardness were similar to the ones that were measured with pressing and sintering. While cermet (Ti(CN)/WC-Ni/Co) microstructures were heterogeneous, their hardness, when compared with that from the pressing and sintering manufacturing process, decreased significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Oliveira
- Centre of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), University of Coimbra, Rua Luis Reis dos Santos 290, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Ana Senos
- Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering CICECO—Aveiro Materials Institute, University of Aveiro, Rua Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | | | | | - Teresa Vieira
- Centre of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), University of Coimbra, Rua Luis Reis dos Santos 290, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qiu H, Li X, Pan C, Fan J. Effect of Mo 2C Addition on the Tribological Behavior of Ti(C,N)-Based Cermets. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5645. [PMID: 37629936 PMCID: PMC10456551 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to the excellent properties of Ti (C,N)-based ceramics, such as high hardness, excellent wear resistance, exceptional thermal deformation resistance, and sound chemical stability, they have been widely used in cutting tools or molds. Thus, revealing their tribological behavior against hard materials is of great significance. Some studies have reported the tribological behavior of Ti(C,N)-based cermets and hard cermets, but so far, the effects of Mo2C additions on the frictional properties of Ti(C,N)-based cermets are still unclear. In this study, Ti(C,N)-10WC-1Cr3C2-5Co-10Ni-x Mo2C cermets (x = 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 wt.%) were sintered using a vacuum hot-pressing furnace. Furthermore, the core-rim morphologies of the sintered samples were observed in SEM images. Then, the wear resistance of the cermets was studied against a Si3N4 ball at a 50 N load using the fretting wear test. Finally, the wear mechanism was characterized using a combination of SEM, EDS and XPS. The experimental results indicated that the wear mechanisms of the cermets were mainly abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and the formation of an oxide film. As the content of Mo2C increased from 4 wt.% to 12 wt.%, the friction coefficient and wear volume had a variation law of first decreasing and then decreasing, and reached minimum values at 6 wt.% and 12 wt.%, and the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate were 0.49 and 0.9 × 10-6 mm3/Nm, respectively. The 6 wt.% Mo2C greatly improved the hardness and fracture toughness of the cermet, while the 12 wt.% Mo2C promoted the formation of an oxide film and protected the friction surface. The cermet with 6 wt.% Mo2C is recommended because it has comprehensive advantages in terms of its mechanical properties, tribological properties, and cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- National Engineering Research Centre of Near-Net-Shape Forming Technology for Metallic Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.Q.); (C.P.); (J.F.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zegai AA, Besharatloo H, Ortega P, Djerdjare B, Ferrari B, Sanchez-Herencia AJ. Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Colloidal Processed WC/(W5Vol%Ni) via Spark Plasma Sintering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4584. [PMID: 37444897 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the sintering behaviour and properties of WC-based composites in which WC was mixed with W5vol%Ni in concentrations of 10vol% and 20vol%. Colloidal processing in water and spark plasma sintering were employed to disperse the WC particles and facilitate sintering. The addition of W5vol%Ni improved the sintering process, as evident from a lower onset temperature of shrinkage determined through dilatometric studies. All samples exhibited the formation of tungsten monocarbide (W2C), with a more pronounced presence in the WC/20(W5vol%Ni) composite. Sintering reached its maximum rate at 1550 °C and was completed at 1600 °C, resulting in a final density exceeding 99.8%. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the detection of WC and W2C phases after sintering. The observed WC content was higher than expected, which may be attributed to carbon diffusion during the process. Macro-scale mechanical characterisations revealed that the WC/10(W5vol%Ni) composite exhibited a hardness of 18.9 GPa, while the WC/20(W5vol%Ni) composite demonstrated a hardness of 18.3 GPa. Increasing the W5vol%Ni binder content caused a decrease in mechanical properties due to the formation of W2C phases. This study provides valuable insights into the sintering behavior and properties of WC/W5vol%Ni composites, offering potential applications in extreme environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed-Ameur Zegai
- Laboratory of Materials Sciences and Engineering (LSGM), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hossein Besharatloo
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC, Calle Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- CIEFMA, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Ortega
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC, Calle Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Boubekeur Djerdjare
- Laboratory of Materials Sciences and Engineering (LSGM), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Begoña Ferrari
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC, Calle Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen Y, Wang Q. Microstructural Design and Processing Control of Advanced Ceramics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:905. [PMID: 36769912 PMCID: PMC9918229 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Advanced ceramics are referred to in various parts of the world as technical ceramics, high-tech ceramics, and high-performance ceramics [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saggiomo V. A 3D Printer in the Lab: Not Only a Toy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202610. [PMID: 35831252 PMCID: PMC9507339 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although 3D printers are becoming more common in households, they are still under-represented in many laboratories worldwide and regarded as toys rather than as laboratory equipment. This short review wants to change this conservative point of view. This mini-review focuses on fused deposition modeling printers and what happens after acquiring your first 3D printer. In short, these printers melt plastic filament and deposit it layer by layer to create the final object. They are getting cheaper and easier to use, and nowadays it is not difficult to find good 3D printers for less than €500. At such a price, a 3D printer is one, if not the most, versatile piece of equipment you can have in a laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Saggiomo
- Department of BioNanoTechnologyWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9Wageningen6708WGThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mohd Sabee MMS, Itam Z, Beddu S, Zahari NM, Mohd Kamal NL, Mohamad D, Zulkepli NA, Shafiq MD, Abdul Hamid ZA. Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142911. [PMID: 35890685 PMCID: PMC9324192 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Meer Saddiq Mohd Sabee
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zarina Itam
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (Z.I.); (Z.A.A.H.)
| | - Salmia Beddu
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nazirul Mubin Zahari
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Daud Mohamad
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Norzeity Amalin Zulkepli
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Mohamad Danial Shafiq
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
- Correspondence: (Z.I.); (Z.A.A.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Effect of Silicon Carbide and Tungsten Carbide on Concrete Composite. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062061. [PMID: 35329512 PMCID: PMC8953363 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flexural strength of concrete is an important property, especially for pavements. Concrete with higher flexural strength has fewer cracking and durability issues. Researchers use different materials, including fibers, polymers, and admixtures, to increase the flexural strength of concrete. Silicon carbide and tungsten carbide are some of the hardest materials on earth. In this research, the mechanical properties of carbide concrete composites were investigated. The silicon carbide and tungsten carbide at different percentages (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) by weight of cement along with hybrid silicon carbide and tungsten carbide (2% and 4%) were used to produce eleven mixes of concrete composites. The mechanical tests, including a compressive strength test and flexural strength test, along with the rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), were conducted. It was concluded that mechanical properties were enhanced by increasing the percentages of both individual and hybrid carbides. The compressive strength was increased by 17% using 4% tungsten carbide, while flexural strength was increased by 39% at 4% tungsten carbide. The significant effect of carbides on flexural strength was also corroborated by ANOVA analysis. The improvement in flexural strength makes both carbides desirable for use in concrete pavement. Additionally, the permeability, the leading cause of durability issues, was reduced considerably by using tungsten carbide. It was concluded that both carbides provide promising results by enhancing the mechanical properties of concrete and are compatible with concrete to produce composites.
Collapse
|