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Gholamali I, Jo SH, Han W, Lim J, Rizwan A, Park SH, Lim KT. The Diels-Alder Cross-Linked Gelatin/Dextran Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Silver Nanoparticles for Wound Healing Applications: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation. Gels 2024; 10:408. [PMID: 38920954 PMCID: PMC11202739 DOI: 10.3390/gels10060408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Wound healing involves a sophisticated biological process that relies on ideal conditions to advance through various stages of repair. Modern wound dressings are designed to imitate the natural surroundings around cells and offer properties such as moisture regulation, strength, and antimicrobial defense to boost healing. A recent research project unveiled a new type of gelatin (Gel)/dextran (Dex) hydrogels, linked through Diels-Alder (D-A) reactions, loaded with silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) for cutting-edge wound treatment. Gel and Dex were chemically modified to form the hydrogels via the D-A reaction. The hydrogels were enriched with Ag-NPs at varying levels. Thorough analyses of the hydrogels using methods like NMR, FT-IR, and SEM were carried out to assess their structure and nanoparticle integration. Rheological tests displayed that the hydrogels had favorable mechanical attributes, particularly when Ag-NPs were included. The hydrogels demonstrated controlled swelling, responsiveness to pH changes, and were non-toxic. Testing against E. coli showcased the strong antibacterial activity of the nanocomposite hydrogels in a concentration-dependent manner. This investigation showcased the promise of these bioactive nanocomposite hydrogels in promoting speedy wound healing by maintaining a moist environment, offering an antimicrobial shield, and ensuring mechanical support at the wound site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Gholamali
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (I.G.); (S.-H.J.); (W.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Sung-Han Jo
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (I.G.); (S.-H.J.); (W.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Won Han
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (I.G.); (S.-H.J.); (W.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Juhee Lim
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (I.G.); (S.-H.J.); (W.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Ali Rizwan
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Hyug Park
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (I.G.); (S.-H.J.); (W.H.); (J.L.)
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Taek Lim
- Institute of Display Semiconductor Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Karmakar A, Silswal A, Koner AL. Review of NIR-responsive ''Smart'' carriers for photothermal chemotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4785-4808. [PMID: 38690723 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb03004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on the versatile applications of near-infrared (NIR)-responsive smart carriers in biomedical applications, particularly drug delivery and photothermal chemotherapy. These carriers demonstrate multi-responsive theranostics capabilities, including pH-dependent drug release, targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics, heat-mediated drug release, and photothermal tumor damage. Biological samples are transparent to NIR light with a suitable wavelength, and therefore, NIR light is advantageous for deep-tissue penetration. It also generates sufficient heat in tissue samples, which is beneficial for on-demand NIR-responsive drug delivery in vivo systems. The development of biocompatible materials with sufficient NIR light absorption properties and drug-carrying functionality has shown tremendous growth in the last five years. Thus, this review offers insights into the current research development of NIR-responsive materials with therapeutic potential and prospects aimed at overcoming challenges to improve the therapeutic efficacy and safety in the dynamic field of NIR-responsive drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Karmakar
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Akshay Silswal
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Apurba Lal Koner
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Han Z, Li Z, Raveendran R, Farazi S, Cao C, Chapman R, Stenzel MH. Peptide-Conjugated Micelles Make Effective Mimics of the TRAIL Protein for Driving Apoptosis in Colon Cancer. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5046-5057. [PMID: 37812059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) drives apoptosis selectively in cancer cells by clustering death receptors (DR4 and DR5). While it has excellent in vitro selectivity and toxicity, the TRAIL protein has a very low circulation half-life in vivo, which has hampered clinical development. Here, we developed core-cross-linked micelles that present multiple copies of a TRAIL-mimicking peptide at its surface. These micelles successfully induce apoptosis in a colon cancer cell line (COLO205) via DR4/5 clustering. Micelles with a peptide density of 15% (roughly 1 peptide/45 nm2) displayed the strongest activity with an IC50 value of 0.8 μM (relative to peptide), demonstrating that the precise spatial arrangement of ligands imparted by a protein such as a TRAIL may not be necessary for DR4/5/signaling and that a statistical network of monomeric ligands may suffice. As micelles have long circulation half-lives, we propose that this could provide a potential alternative drug to TRAIL and stimulate the use of micelles in other membrane receptor clustering networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Han
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zihao Li
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Radhika Raveendran
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shegufta Farazi
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cheng Cao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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Almajidi YQ, Kadhim MM, Alsaikhan F, Turki Jalil A, Hassan Sayyid N, Alexis Ramírez-Coronel A, Hassan Jawhar Z, Gupta J, Nabavi N, Yu W, Ertas YN. Doxorubicin-loaded micelles in tumor cell-specific chemotherapy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115722. [PMID: 36948284 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a field that combines biology and engineering to improve disease treatment, particularly in cancer therapy. One of the promising techniques utilized in this area is the use of micelles, which are nanoscale delivery systems that are known for their simple preparation, high biocompatibility, small particle size, and the ability to be functionalized. A commonly employed chemotherapy drug, Doxorubicin (DOX), is an effective inhibitor of topoisomerase II that prevents DNA replication in cancer cells. However, its efficacy is frequently limited by resistance resulting from various factors, including increased activity of drug efflux transporters, heightened oncogenic factors, and lack of targeted delivery. This review aims to highlight the potential of micelles as new nanocarriers for delivering DOX and to examine the challenges involved with employing chemotherapy to treat cancer. Micelles that respond to changes in pH, redox, and light are known as stimuli-responsive micelles, which can improve the targeted delivery of DOX and its cytotoxicity by facilitating its uptake in tumor cells. Additionally, micelles can be utilized to administer a combination of DOX and other drugs and genes to overcome drug resistance mechanisms and improve tumor suppression. Furthermore, micelles can be used in phototherapy, both photodynamic and photothermal, to promote cell death and increase DOX sensitivity in human cancers. Finally, the alteration of micelle surfaces with ligands can further enhance their targeted delivery for cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mustafa M Kadhim
- Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit, 52001, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq.
| | | | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Colombia; Educational Statistics Research Group(GIEE), National University of Education, Ecuador
| | - Zanko Hassan Jawhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq; Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Pin Code 281406, U.P, India
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China.
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye; ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye.
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Hillman T. The use of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles as a delivery system of CRISPR/Cas9-based therapeutics for editing long non-coding RNAs in cancer colon cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1194350. [PMID: 37388221 PMCID: PMC10301836 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1194350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer in the United States. Colon cancer develops from the many gene mutations found in the genomes of colon cancer cells. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can cause the development and progression of many cancers, including colon cancer. LncRNAs have been and could be corrected through the gene-editing technology of the clustered repeats of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system to reduce the proliferation of cancer cells in the colon. However, many current delivery systems for transporting CRISPR/Cas9-based therapeutics in vivo need more safety and efficiency. CRISPR/Cas9-based therapeutics require a safe and effective delivery system to more directly and specifically target cancer cells present in the colon. This review will present pertinent evidence for the increased efficiency and safety of using plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles as nanocarriers for delivering CRISPR/Cas9-based therapeutics to target colon cancer cells directly.
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Zhou J, Li K, Qin H, Xie B, Liao H, Su X, Li C, He X, Chen W, Jiang X. Programmed-stimuli responsive carrier-free multidrug delivery system for highly efficient trimodal combination therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 637:453-464. [PMID: 36716669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Programmed response, carrier-free, and multimodal therapy drug delivery systems (DDS) are promising solutions to multidirectional cytotoxic effects, inefficient antitumor, and severe side effects for cancer therapy. Here, three widely used clinical drugs, interferon α1b (IFNα1b), indocyanine green (ICG), and doxorubicin (DOX), were prepared into carrier-free DDS IFNα1b-ICG-DOX (IID) by a simple one-step method without additional any reagents. IID can achieve smart and programmed DDS by combining low pH and near-infrared (NIR) light stimuli-responsive controlled release. In pH = 7.4 environments, our IID is about 380 nm in size with negative charge rounded particles; while they enter into the acid environment (pH < 7), hydrogen ions (H+) trigger DOX release, their size becomes larger and the surface charge turns positive. These larger particles are rapidly disintegrated after exposure to NIR light and then the remaining DOX, IFNα1b, and ICG are released. In vivo, the IID with larger size and positive charge resulting from low pH is is easy to accumulate in tumor tissue. Tumors can be exposed to NIR light when needed to control the release of these three drugs. Hence, DOX, ICG, and IFNα1b can be enriched in the tumor to the high efficiency of combined chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China; Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China
| | - Kangjing Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China; Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China
| | - Hejia Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China; Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China
| | - Beibei Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China; Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China
| | - Haiqin Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China
| | - Cuiping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xuan He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China; Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China
| | - Wenxia Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China; Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Xinglu Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, China; Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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Kumar P, Kim SH, Yadav S, Jo SH, Yoo S, Park SH, Lim KT. Redox-Responsive Core-Cross-Linked Micelles of Miktoarm Poly(ethylene oxide)- b-poly(furfuryl methacrylate) for Anticancer Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12719-12734. [PMID: 36848457 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The physiological instability of nanocarriers, premature drug leakage during blood circulation, and associated severe side effects cause compromised therapeutic efficacy, which have significantly hampered the progress of nanomedicines. The cross-linking of nanocarriers while keeping the effectiveness of their degradation at the targeted site to release the drug has emerged as a potent strategy to overcome these flaws. Herein, we have designed novel (poly(ethylene oxide))2-b-poly(furfuryl methacrylate) ((PEO2K)2-b-PFMAnk) miktoarm amphiphilic block copolymers by coupling alkyne-functionalized PEO (PEO2K-C≡H) and diazide-functionalized poly(furfuryl methacrylate) ((N3)2-PFMAnk) via click chemistry. (PEO2K)2-b-PFMAnk self-assembled to form nanosized micelles (mikUCL) with hydrodynamic radii in the range of 25∼33 nm. The hydrophobic core of mikUCL was cross-linked by a disulfide-containing cross-linker using the Diels-Alder reaction to avoid unwanted leakage and burst release of a payload. As expected, the resulting core-cross-linked (PEO2K)2-b-PFMAnk micelles (mikCCL) exhibited superior stability under a normal physiological environment and were de-cross-linked to rapidly release doxorubicin (DOX) upon exposure to a reduction environment. The micelles were compatible with HEK-293 normal cells, while DOX-loaded micelles (mikUCL/DOX and mikCCL/DOX) induced high antitumor activity in HeLa and HT-29 cells. mikCCL/DOX preferentially accumulated at the tumor site and was more efficacious than free DOX and mikUCL/DOX for tumor inhibition in HT-29 tumor-bearing nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar
- Department of Display Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Seon-Hwa Kim
- Department of Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Sonyabapu Yadav
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Sung-Han Jo
- Department of Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Seong Yoo
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyug Park
- Department of Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Kwon Taek Lim
- Department of Display Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
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Redox-responsive properties of core-cross-linked micelles of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(furfuryl methacrylate) for anticancer drug delivery application. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jo YJ, Gulfam M, Jo SH, Gal YS, Oh CW, Park SH, Lim KT. Multi-stimuli responsive hydrogels derived from hyaluronic acid for cancer therapy application. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Based on Different Targeting Mechanisms in the Targeted Therapy of Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092981. [PMID: 35566331 PMCID: PMC9099628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a usual digestive tract malignancy and the third main cause of cancer death around the world, with a high occurrence rate and mortality rate. Conventional therapies for CRC have certain side effects and restrictions. However, the exciting thing is that with the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanoparticles have gradually become more valuable drug delivery systems than traditional therapies because of their capacity to control drug release and target CRC. This also promotes the application of nano-drug targeted delivery systems in the therapy of CRC. Moreover, to make nanoparticles have a better colon targeting effect, many approaches have been used, including nanoparticles targeting CRC and in response to environmental signals. In this review, we focus on various targeting mechanisms of CRC-targeted nanoparticles and their latest research progress in the last three years, hoping to give researchers some inspiration on the design of CRC-targeted nanoparticles.
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Chernikova EV, Kudryavtsev YV. RAFT-Based Polymers for Click Reactions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030570. [PMID: 35160559 PMCID: PMC8838018 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The parallel development of reversible deactivation radical polymerization and click reaction concepts significantly enriches the toolbox of synthetic polymer chemistry. The synergistic effect of combining these approaches manifests itself in a growth of interest to the design of well-defined functional polymers and their controlled conjugation with biomolecules, drugs, and inorganic surfaces. In this review, we discuss the results obtained with reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and different types of click reactions on low- and high-molar-mass reactants. Our classification of literature sources is based on the typical structure of macromolecules produced by the RAFT technique. The review addresses click reactions, immediate or preceded by a modification of another type, on the leaving and stabilizing groups inherited by a growing macromolecule from the chain transfer agent, as well as on the side groups coming from monomers entering the polymerization process. Architecture and self-assembling properties of the resulting polymers are briefly discussed with regard to their potential functional applications, which include drug delivery, protein recognition, anti-fouling and anti-corrosion coatings, the compatibilization of polymer blends, the modification of fillers to increase their dispersibility in polymer matrices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Chernikova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.V.C.); (Y.V.K.)
| | - Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.V.C.); (Y.V.K.)
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