Investigation on Rheological Properties of Water-Based Novel Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids Using Experimental and Taguchi Method

Facile fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles via non-thermal plasma technique and their anti-corrosive effects on X60 API 5L steel in 1M HCl solution

This work aims to explore the efficiency of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via the non-thermal gliding arc discharge-assisted plasma (NT-GAD) technique for inhibiting the corrosion of X60 API 5L steel in a 1M HCl environment. The XRD pattern revealed that the ZnO nanoparticles exhibit hexagonal wurtzite structure with average particle size of ∼24 nm. UV-visible spectroscopy analysis revealed an absorption peak centering at 365 nm, corresponding to an energy band gap of 3.29 eV. SEM and TEM analysis revealed that the nanoparticles exhibit an agglomerated and irregular morphology. The corrosion inhibition of ZnO NPs was investigated via the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization tests (PDP), while varying both concentration and temperature. The results revealed that the increase in inhibitor concentration resulted in a higher activity at ambient temperature, with an optimal efficiency of 93 % at a concentration of 100 mg/L. However, the increase in temperature remarkably reduced the inhibition efficiency, suggesting a physisorption behavior of ZnO NPs onto the steel surface. AFM and FE-SEM analysis confirmed the formation of a protective layer on the X60 API 5L steel surface. This study emphasizes the significant potential of ZnO NPs synthesized via the NT-GAD assisted plasma technique as corrosion inhibitor for X60 API 5L carbon steel in 1M HCl corrosive media.

Molecularly imprinted polymer composite membranes: From synthesis to diverse applications

This review underscores the fundamentals of MIP-CMs and systematically summarizes their synthetic strategies and applications, and potential developments. MIP-CMs are widely acclaimed for their versatility, finding applications in separation, filtration, detection, and trace analysis, as well as serving as scaffolds in a range of analytical, biomedical and industrial contexts. Also characterized by extraordinary selectivity, remarkable sensitivity, and outstanding capability to bind molecules, those membranes are also cost-effective, highly stable, and configurable in terms of recognition and, therefore, inalienable in various application fields. Issues relating to the potential future for the paper are discussed in the last section with the focus on the improvement of resource practical application across different areas. Hence, this review can be seen as a kind of cookbook for the design and fabrication of MIP-CMs with an intention to expand the scope of their application.

Investigating the thermo-physical properties of a new kind of graphitic carbon nitride included ternary hybrid nanofluids and the property correlations

In this work, a simple and facile approach was employed for the preparation of the ternary hybrids comprising of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and graphitic nitride (designated as TZG-TH) with varying compositions of the components. In the context of complex and multi-stages involved for preparation of many of the THs in the literature, the present work uses the much simpler mythology for the preparation of TH. Nanofluids (NF) were formulated in ethylene glycol: water base fluid using TZG TH as the solid particles. Scanning electron microscope of TZG TH informs that the particles are agglomerated. High resolution transmission electron microscopy image of TZG-TH reveals the presence narrowly distributed spherical particles (having the sizes in the range 40 nm-100 nm) in sheet like structure The core level X-ray photoelectron spectrum of carbon and nitrogen elements reveal the existence of sp2 -bonded C in the C[bond, double bond]N and pyridinic and graphitic nitrogen in TZG-TH. X-ray diffraction patterns of TZG TH show the existence of anatase and hexagonal phase wurtzite crystalline structure in TH. The thermo-physical properties were determined for of the THNFs in order to elucidate the influence of compositions of the component and concentration ofof TZG-TH on the thermophysical properties. The TZG TH containing larger proportions of ZnO showed the maximum of 9.11 % and 12.1 % higher increase in viscosity than the binary and base fluid, respectively. The density of TZG THs varies from 1.079 to 1.095 cp, which is closer to the base fluid. The influence of TZG TH composition on refractive index and ultrasonic velocity indicates the existence of molecular level interactions between the nanoparticles in the TH and base fluid. The ∼210 % thermal conductivity enhancement was witnessed for the TZG TH, which is significantly higher than that of ZnO mono NF (26.9%) and TiO2 mono NF (33.0%). The influence of composition and concentration of TZG- TH on molecular interaction parameters like adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, free volume, internal pressure and specific acoustic impedance are reported. The TZG TH based NF showed adequate dispersion stability as inferred from dynamic light scattering and UV-visible spectroscopy results. The results on TZG TH included THNF are new to the literature and would be helpful in exploring multifunctional properties with heat transfer capabilities for applications.

Energy transmission through radiative ternary nanofluid flow with exponential heat source/sink across an inclined permeable cylinder/plate: numerical computing

The steady two-dimension (2D) ternary nanofluid (TNF) flow across an inclined permeable cylinder/plate is analyzed in the present study. The TNF flow has been examined under the consequences of heat source/sink, permeable medium and mixed convection. For the preparation of TNF, the magnesium oxide (MgO), cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are dispersed in water. The rising need for highly efficient cooling mechanisms in several sectors and energy-related processes ultimately inspired the current work. The fluid flow and energy propagation is mathematically described in the form of coupled PDEs. The system of PDEs is reduced into non-dimensional forms of ODEs, which are further numerically handled through the Matlab package (bvp4c). It has been observed that the results display that the porosity factor advances the thermal curve, whereas drops the fluid velocity. The effect of heat source/sink raises the energy field. Furthermore, the plate surface illustrates a leading behavior of energy transport over cylinder geometry versus the variation of ternary nanoparticles (NPs). The energy dissemination rate in the cylinder enhances from 4.73 to 11.421%, whereas for the plate, the energy distribution rate boosts from 6.37 to 13.91% as the porosity factor varies from 0.3 to 0.9.

Natural Convection of Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid in a Differential-Heated Enclosure with Non-Uniform Heating Wall

In the field of convective energy transfer, natural convection is one of the most studied phenomena, with applications ranging from heat exchangers and geothermal energy systems to hybrid nanofluids. The aim of this paper is to scrutinize the free convection of a ternary hybrid nanosuspension (Al₂O₃-Ag-CuO/water ternary hybrid nanofluid) in an enclosure with a linearly warming side border. The ternary hybrid nanosuspension motion and energy transfer have been modelled by partial differential equations (PDEs) with appropriate boundary conditions by the single-phase nanofluid model with the Boussinesq approximation. The finite element approach is applied to resolve the control PDEs after transforming them into a dimensionless view. The impact of significant characteristics such as the nanoparticles' volume fraction, Rayleigh number, and linearly heating temperature constant on the flow and thermal patterns combined with the Nusselt number has been investigated and analyzed using streamlines, isotherms, and other suitable patterns. The performed analysis has shown that the addition of a third kind of nanomaterial allows for intensifying the energy transport within the closed cavity. The transition between uniform heating to non-uniform heating of the left vertical wall characterizes the heat transfer degradation due to a reduction of the heat energy output from this heated wall.

Tri-Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Towards Convectively Heated Stretching Riga Plate with Variable Thickness

An advanced tri-hybrid nanofluid model is studied for heat transfer in this current article. Tri-hybrid nanofluids are formed by involving three different types of nanoparticles in the base fluid. In the present study, the heat transfer characteristics of boundary layer flow of Al2O3–Cu–Ni/H2O tri-hybrid nanofluid have been studied on a convectively heated stretching Riga plate with variable thickness. The relevant governing boundary layer equations are transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations which are solved using the bvp4c program in MATLAB. No previous investigation has been done on the flow of tri-hybrid nanofluid Al2O3–Cu–Ni/H2O past a convectively heated Riga plate of variable thickness to date. Consequently, to fill this gap, the present study has been taken out and the main aim of this work is to investigate the factors that enhance the heat transfer of base fluid (H2O) suspended with tri-hybrid nanoparticles (Al2O3, Cu, and Ni) past a convectively heated Riga plate with variable thickness. The plots obtained reveal that the variation in the non-dimensional physical parameters induced in the problem significantly affects the flow inside the boundary layer. The variation in skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are presented through graphs. Also, a comparative analysis of velocity and temperature profiles of nanofluid Al2O3/H2O, hybrid nanofluid Al2O3–Cu/H2O, and tri-hybrid nanofluid Al2O3–Cu-Ni/H2O has been displayed through graphs. The reason behind choosing the tri-hybrid nanoparticles Al2O3, Cu, and Ni was the stability and non-reactivity of Al2O3 with metals Cu and Ni which possess high thermal conductivity. The conducted study reveals that the heat transfer characteristics of tri-hybrid nanofluids are greater than that of hybrid and conventional nanofluids.

Irreversibility Marangoni Tri-Hybrid Nanoflow Analysis for Thermal Enhancement Applications

Increasing heat transfer is an important part of industrial, mechanical, electrical, thermal, and biological sciences. The aim of this study is to increase the thermal competency of a conventional fluid by using a ternary hybrid nanofluid. A magnetic field and thermal radiation are used to further improve the thermal conductivity of the base fluid. Irreversibility is analyzed under the influence of the embedded parameters. The basic equations for the ternary hybrid nanofluids are transformed from Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) to Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) using the similarity concept. The Marangoni convection idea is used in the mathematical model for the temperature difference between the two media: the surface and fluid. The achieved results are provided and discussed. The results show that ternary hybrid nanofluids are more suitable as heat-transmitted conductors than conventional fluids.

Examining rheological behavior of CeO2-GO-SA/10W40 ternary hybrid nanofluid based on experiments and COMBI/ANN/RSM modeling

In this study, the rheological behavior and dynamic viscosity of 10W40 engine oil in the presence of ternary-hybrid nanomaterials of cerium oxide (CeO₂), graphene oxide (GO), and silica aerogel (SA) were investigated experimentally. Nanofluid viscosity was measured over a volume fraction range of VF = 0.25-1.5%, a temperature range of T = 5-55 °C, and a shear rate range of SR = 40-1000 rpm. The preparation of ternary-hybrid nanofluids involved a two-step process, and the nanomaterials were dispersed in SAE 10W40 using a magnetic stirrer and ultrasonic device. In addition, CeO₂, GO, and SA nanoadditives underwent X-ray diffraction-based structural analysis. The non-Newtonian (pseudoplastic) behavior of ternary-hybrid nanofluid at all temperatures and volume fractions is revealed by analyzing shear stress, dynamic viscosity, and power-law model coefficients. However, the nanofluids tend to Newtonian behavior at low temperatures. For instance, dynamic viscosity declines with increasing shear rate between 4.51% (at 5 °C) and 41.59% (at 55 °C) for the 1.5 vol% nanofluid. The experimental results demonstrated that the viscosity of ternary-hybrid nanofluid declines with increasing temperature and decreasing volume fraction. For instance, assuming a constant SR of 100 rpm and a temperature increase from 5 to 55 °C, the dynamic viscosity increases by at least 95.05% (base fluid) and no more than 95.82% (1.5 vol% nanofluid). Furthermore, by increasing the volume fraction from 0 to 1.5%, the dynamic viscosity increases by a minimum of 14.74% (at 5 °C) and a maximum of 35.94% (at 55 °C). Moreover, different methods (COMBI algorithm, GMDH-type ANN, and RSM) were used to develop models for the nanofluid's dynamic viscosity, and their accuracy and complexity were compared. The COMBI algorithm with R² = 0.9995 had the highest accuracy among the developed models. Additionally, RSM and COMBI were able to generate predictive models with the least complexity.