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Harris M, Mohsin H, Potgieter J, Ishfaq K, Archer R, Chen Q, De Silva K, Guen MJL, Wilson R, Arif KM. Partial Biodegradable Blend with High Stability against Biodegradation for Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081541. [PMID: 35458292 PMCID: PMC9027655 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This research presents a partial biodegradable polymeric blend aimed for large-scale fused deposition modeling (FDM). The literature reports partial biodegradable blends with high contents of fossil fuel-based polymers (>20%) that make them unfriendly to the ecosystem. Furthermore, the reported polymer systems neither present good mechanical strength nor have been investigated in vulnerable environments that results in biodegradation. This research, as a continuity of previous work, presents the stability against biodegradability of a partial biodegradable blend prepared with polylactic acid (PLA) and polypropylene (PP). The blend is designed with intended excess physical interlocking and sufficient chemical grafting, which has only been investigated for thermal and hydrolytic degradation before by the same authors. The research presents, for the first time, ANOVA analysis for the statistical evaluation of endurance against biodegradability. The statistical results are complemented with thermochemical and visual analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) determines the signs of intermolecular interactions that are further confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermochemical interactions observed in FTIR and DSC are validated with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is also used as a visual technique to affirm the physical interlocking. It is concluded that the blend exhibits high stability against soil biodegradation in terms of high mechanical strength and high mass retention percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Harris
- Massey Agrifood Digital Lab, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (J.P.); (R.W.)
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department, Rachna College of Engineering and Technology, Gujranwala 52250, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Hammad Mohsin
- Department of Polymer Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan;
| | - Johan Potgieter
- Massey Agrifood Digital Lab, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (J.P.); (R.W.)
| | - Kashif Ishfaq
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan;
| | - Richard Archer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (R.A.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qun Chen
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (R.A.); (Q.C.)
| | - Karnika De Silva
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
| | | | - Russell Wilson
- Massey Agrifood Digital Lab, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (J.P.); (R.W.)
| | - Khalid Mahmood Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, SF&AT, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand;
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