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Man GT, Albu PC, Nechifor AC, Grosu AR, Tanczos SK, Grosu VA, Ioan MR, Nechifor G. Thorium Removal, Recovery and Recycling: A Membrane Challenge for Urban Mining. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:765. [PMID: 37755188 PMCID: PMC10538078 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Although only a slightly radioactive element, thorium is considered extremely toxic because its various species, which reach the environment, can constitute an important problem for the health of the population. The present paper aims to expand the possibilities of using membrane processes in the removal, recovery and recycling of thorium from industrial residues reaching municipal waste-processing platforms. The paper includes a short introduction on the interest shown in this element, a weak radioactive metal, followed by highlighting some common (domestic) uses. In a distinct but concise section, the bio-medical impact of thorium is presented. The classic technologies for obtaining thorium are concentrated in a single schema, and the speciation of thorium is presented with an emphasis on the formation of hydroxo-complexes and complexes with common organic reagents. The determination of thorium is highlighted on the basis of its radioactivity, but especially through methods that call for extraction followed by an established electrochemical, spectral or chromatographic method. Membrane processes are presented based on the electrochemical potential difference, including barro-membrane processes, electrodialysis, liquid membranes and hybrid processes. A separate sub-chapter is devoted to proposals and recommendations for the use of membranes in order to achieve some progress in urban mining for the valorization of thorium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geani Teodor Man
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI, 240050 Râmnicu Valcea, Romania
| | - Paul Constantin Albu
- Radioisotopes and Radiation Metrology Department (DRMR), IFIN Horia Hulubei, 023465 Măgurele, Romania; (P.C.A.); (M.-R.I.)
| | - Aurelia Cristina Nechifor
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
| | - Alexandra Raluca Grosu
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
| | - Szidonia-Katalin Tanczos
- Department of Bioengineering, University Sapientia of Miercurea-Ciuc, 500104 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania;
| | - Vlad-Alexandru Grosu
- Department of Electronic Technology and Reliability, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 061071 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail-Răzvan Ioan
- Radioisotopes and Radiation Metrology Department (DRMR), IFIN Horia Hulubei, 023465 Măgurele, Romania; (P.C.A.); (M.-R.I.)
| | - Gheorghe Nechifor
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
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Marine polysaccharide-based hydrogels for critical materials selective removal and recovery: A review. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from NdFeB Magnets by Chlorination and Distillation. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A sustainable separation concept for large-scale recycling of NdFeB magnets under atmospheric pressure was developed by utilizing a combination of two separation concepts known from the literature: (I) selective pre-separation by in situ chlorination and evaporation of ground oxidized NdFeB material and (II) subsequent distillation for high-purity recovery of all recyclable chlorinated material components, especially its Rare Earth Elements (REEs). Theoretically, simplified estimations of the time conversion curves at 1173 K, 1273 K, and 2000 K of a single particle resulted in the idea of realizing chlorination in some kind of combustion chamber, fluidized bed, or continuous combustion chamber. After chlorination, all non-volatile components, such as REE chlorides, are condensed out of the vapor phase in a single-stage phase separator. For subsequent fine separation by distillation (1292–1982 K for Rare Earth Chlorides and 418–867 K at 2500 kPa for boron and zirconium chloride recovery), simplified simulations were performed in a total-reflux column under ideal phase equilibrium conditions to show the estimated minimum separation effort. Using two composition examples from the literature, high-purity separation of the major Rare Earth Chlorides within a twelve-stage distillation column as a residual heavy boiling product has been demonstrated to be potentially technically feasible.
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Sakr AK, Abdel Aal MM, Abd El-Rahem KA, Allam EM, Abdel Dayem SM, Elshehy EA, Hanfi MY, Alqahtani MS, Cheira MF. Characteristic Aspects of Uranium(VI) Adsorption Utilizing Nano-Silica/Chitosan from Wastewater Solution. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12213866. [PMID: 36364642 PMCID: PMC9658519 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new nano-silica/chitosan (SiO2/CS) sorbent was created using a wet process to eliminate uranium(VI) from its solution. Measurements using BET, XRD, EDX, SEM, and FTIR were utilized to analyze the production of SiO2/CS. The adsorption progressions were carried out by pH, SiO2/CS dose, temperature, sorbing time, and U(VI) concentration measurements. The optimal condition for U(VI) sorption (165 mg/g) was found to be pH 3.5, 60 mg SiO2/CS, for 50 min of sorbing time, and 200 mg/L U(VI). Both the second-order sorption kinetics and Langmuir adsorption model were observed to be obeyed by the ability of SiO2/CS to eradicate U(VI). Thermodynamically, the sorption strategy was a spontaneous reaction and exothermic. According to the findings, SiO2/CS had the potential to serve as an effectual sorbent for U(VI) displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K. Sakr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.S.); (M.F.C.)
| | | | | | - Eman M. Allam
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, Cairo 11381, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed Y. Hanfi
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, Cairo 11381, Egypt
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, St. Mira, 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Michael Atiyah Building, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed F. Cheira
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.S.); (M.F.C.)
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Efficient and sustainable electro-sorption of rare earth by laser-induced graphene film. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Negm SH, Abd El-Magied MO, El Maadawy WM, Abdel Aal MM, Abd El Dayem SM, Taher MA, Abd El-Rahem KA, Rashed MN, Cheira MF. Appreciatively Efficient Sorption Achievement to U(VI) from the El Sela Area by ZrO2/Chitosan. SEPARATIONS 2022; 9:311. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to get uranium out of leaching liquid is pushing scientists to come up with new sorbents. This study uses the wet technique to improve the U(VI) sorption properties of ZrO2/chitosan composite sorbent. To validate the synthesis of ZrO2/CS composite with Zirconyl-OH, -NH, and -NH2 for U(VI) binding, XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and BET are used to describe the ZrO2/chitosan wholly formed. To get El Sela leaching liquid, it used 150 g/L H2SO4, 1:4 S:L ratio, 200 rpm agitation speed, four hours of leaching period, and particle size 149–100 µm. In a batch study, the sorption parameters are evaluated at pH 3.5, 50 min of sorbing time, 50 mL of leaching liquid (200 mg/L U(VI)), and 25 °C. The sorption capability is 175 mg/g. Reusing ZrO2/CS for seven cycles with a slight drop in performance is highly efficient, with U(VI) desorption using 0.8 M acid and 75 min of desorption time. The selective U(VI) recovery from El Sela leachate was made possible using ZrO2/CS. Sodium diuranate was precipitated and yielded a yellow cake with a purity level of 94.88%.
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Selective Recovery of Cadmium, Cobalt, and Nickel from Spent Ni–Cd Batteries Using Adogen® 464 and Mesoporous Silica Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158677. [PMID: 35955812 PMCID: PMC9368978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spent Ni–Cd batteries are now considered an important source for many valuable metals. The recovery of cadmium, cobalt, and nickel from spent Ni–Cd Batteries has been performed in this study. The optimum leaching process was achieved using 20% H2SO4, solid/liquid (S/L) 1/5 at 80 °C for 6 h. The leaching efficiency of Fe, Cd, and Co was nearly 100%, whereas the leaching efficiency of Ni was 95%. The recovery of the concerned elements was attained using successive different separation techniques. Cd(II) ions were extracted by a solvent, namely, Adogen® 464, and precipitated as CdS with 0.5% Na2S solution at pH of 1.25 and room temperature. The extraction process corresponded to pseudo-2nd-order. The prepared PTU-MS silica was applied for adsorption of Co(II) ions from aqueous solution, while the desorption process was performed using 0.3 M H2SO4. Cobalt was precipitated at pH 9.0 as Co(OH)2 using NH4OH. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were also investigated. Nickel was directly precipitated at pH 8.25 using a 10% NaOH solution at ambient temperature. FTIR, SEM, and EDX confirm the structure of the products.
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Efficient Recovery of Rare Earth Elements and Zinc from Spent Ni–Metal Hydride Batteries: Statistical Studies. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132305. [PMID: 35808142 PMCID: PMC9268567 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Considering how important rare earth elements (REEs) are for many different industries, it is important to separate them from other elements. An extractant that binds to REEs inexpensively and selectively even in the presence of interfering ions can be used to develop a useful separation method. This work was designed to recover REEs from spent nickel–metal hydride batteries using ammonium sulfate. The chemical composition of the Ni–MH batteries was examined. The operating leaching conditions of REE extraction from black powder were experimentally optimized. The optimal conditions for the dissolution of approximately 99.98% of REEs and almost all zinc were attained through use of a 300 g/L (NH4)2SO4 concentration after 180 min of leaching time and a 1:3 solid/liquid phase ratio at 120 °C. The kinetic data fit the chemical control model. The separation of total REEs and zinc was conducted under traditional conditions to produce both metal values in marketable forms. The work then shifted to separate cerium as an individual REE through acid baking with HCl, thus leaving pure cerium behind.
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Sakr AK, Al-Hamarneh IF, Gomaa H, Abdel Aal MM, Hanfi MY, Sayyed M, Khandaler MU, Cheira MF. Removal of uranium from nuclear effluent using regenerated bleaching earth steeped in β‒naphthol. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Synthesis of a New Chelating Iminophosphorane Derivative (Phosphazene) for U(VI) Recovery. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091687. [PMID: 35566857 PMCID: PMC9099652 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new synthetic chelating N–hydroxy–N–trioctyl iminophosphorane (HTIP) was prepared through the reaction of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) with N–hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of a Lewis acid (AlCl3). Specifications for the HTIP chelating ligand were successfully determined using many analytical techniques, 13C–NMR, 1H–NMR, FTIR, EDX, and GC–MS analyses, which assured a reasonable synthesis of the HTIP ligand. The ability of HTIP to retain U(VI) ions was investigated. The optimum experimental factors, pH value, experimental time, initial U(VI) ion concentration, HTIP dosage, ambient temperature, and eluents, were attained with solvent extraction techniques. The utmost retention capacity of HTIP/CHCl3 was 247.5 mg/g; it was achieved at pH = 3.0, 25 °C, with 30 min of shaking and 0.99 × 10−3 mol/L. From the stoichiometric calculations, approximately 1.5 hydrogen atoms are released during the extraction at pH 3.0, and 4.0 moles of HTIP ligand were responsible for chelation of one mole of uranyl ions. According to kinetic studies, the pseudo–first order model accurately predicted the kinetics of U(VI) extraction by HTIP ligand with a retention power of 245.47 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters ΔS°, ΔH°, and ΔG° were also calculated; the extraction process was predicted as an exothermic, spontaneous, and advantageous extraction at low temperatures. As the temperature increased, the value of ∆G° increased. The elution of uranium ions from the loaded HTIP/CHCl3 was achieved using 2.0 mol of H2SO4 with a 99.0% efficiency rate. Finally, the extended variables were used to obtain a uranium concentrate (Na2U2O7, Y.C) with a uranium grade of 69.93% and purity of 93.24%.
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Traore M, Gong A, Wang Y, Qiu L, Bai Y, Zhao W, Liu Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Wu H, Li S, You Y. Research progress of rare earth separation methods and technologies. J RARE EARTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Allam EM, Lashen TA, Abou El-Enein SA, Hassanin MA, Sakr AK, Hanfi MY, Sayyed MI, Al-Otaibi JS, Cheira MF. Cetylpyridinium Bromide/Polyvinyl Chloride for Substantially Efficient Capture of Rare Earth Elements from Chloride Solution. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050954. [PMID: 35267777 PMCID: PMC8912479 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A new sorbent cetylpyridinium bromide/polyvinylchloride (CPB/PVC) was prepared and tested to extract rare earth elements (REEs) from their chloride solutions. It was identified by FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDX, and XRD. The impact of various factors such as pH, RE ion initial concentration, contacting time, and dose amount via sorption process was inspected. The optimum pH was 6.0, and the equilibrium contact time was reached at 60 min at 25 °C. The prepared adsorbent (CPB/PVC) uptake capacity was 182.6 mg/g. The adsorption of RE ions onto the CPB/PVC sorbent was found to fit the Langmuir isotherm as well as pseudo-second-order models well. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters of RE ion sorption were found to be exothermic and spontaneous. The desorption of RE ions from the loaded CPB/PVC sorbent was investigated. It was observed that the optimum desorption was achieved at 1.0 M HCl for 60 min contact time at ambient room temperature and a 1:60 solid: liquid phase ratio (S:L). As a result, the prepared CPB/PVC sorbent was recognized as a competitor sorbent for REEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M. Allam
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; (T.A.L.); (M.A.H.); (A.K.S.); (M.Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.A.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Taysser A. Lashen
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; (T.A.L.); (M.A.H.); (A.K.S.); (M.Y.H.)
| | - Saeyda A. Abou El-Enein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed A. Hassanin
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; (T.A.L.); (M.A.H.); (A.K.S.); (M.Y.H.)
| | - Ahmed K. Sakr
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; (T.A.L.); (M.A.H.); (A.K.S.); (M.Y.H.)
| | - Mohamed Y. Hanfi
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; (T.A.L.); (M.A.H.); (A.K.S.); (M.Y.H.)
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, St. Mira, 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - M. I. Sayyed
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan
| | - Jamelah S. Al-Otaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed F. Cheira
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; (T.A.L.); (M.A.H.); (A.K.S.); (M.Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.A.); (M.F.C.)
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Sustainable Remedy Waste to Generate SiO2 Functionalized on Graphene Oxide for Removal of U(VI) Ions. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Hummer process is applied to generate graphene oxide from carbon stocks’ discharged Zn-C batteries waste. SiO2 is produced from rice husks through the wet process. Subsequently, SiO2 reacted with graphene oxide to form silica/graphene oxide (SiO2/GO) as a sorbent material. XRD, BET, SEM, EDX, and FTIR were employed to characterize SiO2/GO. Factors affecting U(VI) sorption on SiO2/GO, including pH, sorption time, a dosage of SiO2/GO, U(VI) ions’ concentration, and temperature, were considered. The experimental data consequences indicated that the uptake capacity of SiO2/GO towards U(VI) is 145.0 mg/g at a pH value of 4.0. The kinetic calculations match the pseudo second-order model quite well. Moreover, the sorption isotherm is consistent with the Langmuir model. The sorption procedures occur spontaneously and randomly, as well as exothermically. Moreover, SiO2/GO has essentially regenerated with a 0.8 M H2SO4 and 1:50 S:L phase ratio after 60 min of agitation time. Lastly, the sorption and elution were employed in seven cycles to check the persistent usage of SiO2/GO.
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