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Soliman MM, Islam MT, Alam T, Misran N, Abdul Rahim SK, Alzamil A, Chowdhury MEH, Alshammari AS, Alsaif H, Soliman MS. Broadband near unity absorption meta-structure for solar thermophotovoltaic systems and optical window applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:12972-12994. [PMID: 37477438 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01941a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Developing a meta-structure with near-unity absorbance in the visible and infrared spectra for solar energy harvesting, photodetection, thermal imaging, photo-trapping, and optical communications is a long-term research challenge. This research presents a four-layered (insulator-metal-insulator-metal) meta-structure unit cell that showed a peak absorbance of 99.99% at 288-300 nm and the average absorbance of 99.18% over the 250-2000 nm wavelength range in TE and TM modes, respectively. The symmetric pattern of the resonator layer shows polarization insensitivity with an average absorption of 99.18% in both TE and TM modes. Furthermore, the proposed design shows a wide incident angle stability up to ≤60 degrees in both TE and TM modes. The proposed structure also exhibits negative index properties at 288-300 nm and 1000-2000 nm, respectively. The negative index properties of the proposed design generate an anti-parallel surface current flow in the ground and resonator layers, which induces magnetic and electric field resonance and increases absorption. The performance of the proposed design is further validated by the interference theory model and a zero value for the polarization conversion ratio (PCR). The electric field E, magnetic field H, and current distribution are analyzed to explain the absorption mechanism of the proposed meta-structure unit cell. It also exhibits the highest photo-thermal conversion efficiency of 99.11%, demonstrating the viability of the proposed design as a solar absorber. The proposed design promises potentially valuable applications such as solar energy harvesting, photodetection, thermal imaging, photo-trapping, and optical communications because of its decent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mohiuddin Soliman
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Center for Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Touhidul Alam
- Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norbahiah Misran
- Center for Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Ahmed Alzamil
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81481, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Ahmed S Alshammari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81481, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Haitham Alsaif
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81481, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed S Soliman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
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Musa A, Alam T, Islam MT, Hakim ML, Rmili H, Alshammari AS, Islam MS, Soliman MS. Broadband Plasmonic Metamaterial Optical Absorber for the Visible to Near-Infrared Region. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:626. [PMID: 36838994 PMCID: PMC9960955 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An oblique angle and polarization insensitive metamaterial absorber (MA) are highly desired for the visible and infrared optical applications like, wave energy harvesting, optical filters, and detecting thermal leaks and electrical defects. In this paper, a multi-layered MA consisting of two layers of tungsten resonators on a silicon dioxide substrate, coated with additional SiO2 materials is investigated. The unit cell size of the MA is 0.5λ × 0.5λ × 0.8λ, at the lowest wavelength. The proposed MA offers an average absorption of 92% from 400 nm to 2400 nm with stable oblique incident angles up to 45°. The structure also achieves polarization insensitivity at the entire visible and near-infrared spectrum. Moreover, the MA is found highly compatible for solar absorber applications with high y AAM1.5. The structure is also compatible for filter application in optical communication system by modifying the plasmonic nano structure. The modified structure can block the wavelengths of the visible band (450 nm to 800 nm) and transmit optical communication bands (800 to 1675 nm). These versatile absorption and filtering performance make the proposed design highly potential for solar energy harvesting, photodetection, thermal imaging, photo-trapping, and optical communications applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Musa
- Pusat Sains Angkasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Touhidul Alam
- Pusat Sains Angkasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Lutful Hakim
- Pusat Sains Angkasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hatem Rmili
- K. A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Alshammari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Shabiul Islam
- Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed S. Soliman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
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Hakim ML, Islam MT, Alam T, Abdul Rahim SK, Bais B, Islam MS, Soliman MS. Triple-Band Square Split-Ring Resonator Metamaterial Absorber Design with High Effective Medium Ratio for 5G Sub-6 GHz Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:222. [PMID: 36677975 PMCID: PMC9861934 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This article proposes a square split-ring resonator (SSRR) metamaterial absorber (MMA) for sub-6 GHz application. The unit cell of the MMA was designed and fabricated on commercially available low-cost FR-4 substrate material with a dielectric constant o 4.3. The higher effective medium ratio (EMR) of the designed unit cell shows the compactness of the MMA. The dimension of the unit cell is 9.5 × 9.5 × 1.6 mm3, which consists of two split rings and two arms with outer SSRR. The proposed MMA operates at 2.5 GHz, 4.9 GHz, and 6 GHz frequency bands with a 90% absorption peak and shows a single negative metamaterial property. The E-field, H-field, and surface current are also explored in support of absorption analysis. Moreover, the equivalent circuit model of the proposed MMA is modelled and simulated to validate the resonance behavior of the MMA structure. Finally, the proposed MMA can be used for the specific frequency bands of 5G applications such as signal absorption, crowdsensing, SAR reduction, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Lutful Hakim
- Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Touhidul Alam
- Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC), Kumira, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh
| | | | - Badariah Bais
- Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md. Shabiul Islam
- Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed S. Soliman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
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Song D, Zhang K, Qian M, Liu Y, Wu X, Yu K. Ultra-Broadband Perfect Absorber based on Titanium Nanoarrays for Harvesting Solar Energy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:91. [PMID: 36616001 PMCID: PMC9823605 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source and solves today's energy and climate emergency. Near-perfect broadband solar absorbers can offer necessary technical assistance to follow this route and develop an effective solar energy-harvesting system. In this work, the metamaterial perfect absorber operating in the ultraviolet to the near-infrared spectral range was designed, consisting of a periodically aligned titanium (Ti) nanoarray coupled to an optical cavity. Through numerical simulations, the average absorption efficiency of the optimal parameter absorber can reach up to 99.84% in the 200-3000 nm broadband range. We show that the Ti pyramid's localized surface plasmon resonances, the intrinsic loss of the Ti material, and the coupling of resonance modes between two neighboring pyramids are highly responsible for this broadband perfect absorption effect. Additionally, we demonstrate that the absorber exhibits some excellent features desirable for the practical absorption and harvesting of solar energy, such as precision tolerance, polarization independence, and large angular acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didi Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials & Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Kaihua Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials & Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengdan Qian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials & Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yufang Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials & Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials & Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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Hakim ML, Hanif A, Alam T, Islam MT, Arshad H, Soliman MS, Albadran SM, Islam MS. Ultrawideband Polarization-Independent Nanoarchitectonics: A Perfect Metamaterial Absorber for Visible and Infrared Optical Window Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12162849. [PMID: 36014711 PMCID: PMC9412529 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents numerical analysis of an ultrathin concentric hexagonal ring resonator (CHRR) metamaterial absorber (MMA) for ultrawideband visible and infrared optical window applications. The proposed MMA exhibits an absorption of above 90% from 380 to 2500 nm and an average absorbance of 96.64% at entire operational bandwidth with a compact unit cell size of 66 × 66 nm2. The designed MMA shows maximum absorption of 99% at 618 nm. The absorption bandwidth of the MMA covers the entire visible and infrared optical windows. The nickel material has been used to design the top and bottom layer of MMA, where aluminium nitride (AlN) has been used as the substrate. The designed hexagonal MMA shows polarization-independent properties due to the symmetry of the design and a stable absorption label is also achieved for oblique incident angles up to 70 °C. The absorption property of hexagonal ring resonator MMA has been analyzed by design evaluation, parametric and various material investigations. The metamaterial property, surface current allocation, magnetic field and electric field have also been analyzed to explore the absorption properties. The proposed MMA has promising prospects in numerous applications like infrared detection, solar cells, gas detection sensors, imaging, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Lutful Hakim
- Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Hanif
- Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Touhidul Alam
- Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of CSE, International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC), Kumira, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (T.A.); (M.T.I.); (H.A.)
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (T.A.); (M.T.I.); (H.A.)
| | - Haslina Arshad
- Center for Artifcial Intelligence and Technology, Facult of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (T.A.); (M.T.I.); (H.A.)
| | - Mohamed S. Soliman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Saleh Mohammad Albadran
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Shabiul Islam
- Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia
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Towards Perfect Ultra-Broadband Absorbers, Ultra-Narrow Waveguides, and Ultra-Small Cavities at Optical Frequencies. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132132. [PMID: 35807967 PMCID: PMC9268687 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we design ultra-broadband optical absorbers, ultra-narrow optical waveguides, and ultra-small optical cavities comprising two-dimensional metallic photonic crystals that tolerate fabrication imperfections such as position and radius disorderings. The absorbers containing gold rods show an absorption amplitude of more than 90% under 54% position disordering at 200<λ<530 nm. The absorbers containing silver rods show an absorptance of more than 90% under 54% position disordering at 200<λ<400 nm. B-type straight waveguides that contain four rows of silver rods exposed to air reveal normalized transmittances of 75% and 76% under 32% position and 60% radius disorderings, respectively. B-type L-shaped waveguides containing four rows of silver rods show 76% and 90% normalized transmittances under 32% position and 40% radius disorderings, respectively. B-type cavities containing two rings of silver rods reveal 70% and 80% normalized quality factors under 32% position and 60% radius disorderings, respectively.
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Hakim ML, Alam T, Islam MT, Baharuddin MH, Alzamil A, Islam MS. Quad-Band Polarization-Insensitive Square Split-Ring Resonator (SSRR) with an Inner Jerusalem Cross Metamaterial Absorber for Ku- and K-Band Sensing Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22124489. [PMID: 35746277 PMCID: PMC9228148 DOI: 10.3390/s22124489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of metamaterial absorbers has become attractive for various fields of application, such as sensing, detectors, wireless communication, antenna design, emitters, spatial light modulators, etc. Multiband absorbers with polarization insensitivity have drawn significant attention in microwave absorption and sensing research. In this paper, we propose a quad-band polarization-insensitive metamaterial absorber (MMA) for Ku- and K-band applications. The proposed patch comprises two square split-ring resonators (SSRR), four microstrip lines, and an inner Jerusalem cross to generate four corresponding resonances at 12.62 GHz,14.12 GHz, 17.53 GHz, and 19.91 GHz with 97%, 99.51%, 99%, and 99.5% absorption, respectively. The complex values of permittivity, permeability, refractive index, and impedance of MMA were extracted and discussed. The absorption mechanism of the designed MMA was explored by impedance matching, equivalent circuit model, as well as magnetic field and electric field analysis. The overall patch has a rotational-symmetrical structure, which plays a crucial role in acquiring the polarization-insensitive property. The design also shows stable absorption for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. Its near-unity absorption and excellent sensing performance make it a potential candidate for sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Lutful Hakim
- Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Touhidul Alam
- Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC), Kumira, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 81481, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohd Hafiz Baharuddin
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmed Alzamil
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 81481, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md. Shabiul Islam
- Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Musa A, Hakim ML, Alam T, Islam MT, Alshammari AS, Mat K, M. MS, Almalki SHA, Islam MS. Polarization Independent Metamaterial Absorber with Anti-Reflection Coating Nanoarchitectonics for Visible and Infrared Window Applications. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103733. [PMID: 35629759 PMCID: PMC9143169 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The visible and infrared wavelengths are the most frequently used electromagnetic (EM) waves in the frequency spectrum; able to penetrate the atmosphere and reach Earth’s surface. These wavelengths have attracted much attention in solar energy harvesting; thermography; and infrared imaging applications for the detection of electrical failures; faults; or thermal leakage hot spots and inspection of tapped live energized components. This paper presents a numerical analysis of a compact cubic cross-shaped four-layer metamaterial absorber (MA) structure by using a simple metal-dielectric-metal-dielectric configuration for wideband visible and infrared applications. The proposed MA achieved above 80% absorption in both visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum from 350 to 1250 nm wavelength with an overall unit cell size of 0.57λ × 0.57λ × 0.59λ. The SiO2 based anti-reflection coating of sandwiched tungsten facilitates to achieve the wide high absorption bandwidth. The perceptible novelty of the proposed metamaterial is to achieve an average absorptivity of 95.3% for both visible and infrared wavelengths with a maximum absorptivity of 98% from 400 nm to 900 nm. Furthermore, the proposed structure provides polarization insensitivity with a higher oblique incidence angle tolerance up to 45°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Musa
- Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.M.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Mohammad Lutful Hakim
- Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.M.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Touhidul Alam
- Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.M.); (M.L.H.)
- Department of CSE, International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC), Kumira, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (T.A.); (M.T.I.)
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (T.A.); (M.T.I.)
| | - Ahmed S. Alshammari
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Kamarulzaman Mat
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. Salaheldeen M.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt;
| | - Sami H. A. Almalki
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md. Shabiul Islam
- Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia;
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