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Fode TA, Chande Jande YA, Kivevele T. Effects of different supplementary cementitious materials on durability and mechanical properties of cement composite - Comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17924. [PMID: 37483707 PMCID: PMC10359888 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ordinary Portland cement is the highest produced cement type in the world, however its production is high energy consumption means expensive, huge natural resource consumptive, and creating high environmental pollution. Hence many researchers studied to reduce the effect of ordinary Portland cement by substituting artificial and natural supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) commonly in a concrete/mortar mixture. However, the comprehensive effect of different SCMs on various properties of cement composite materials are not well known. So the present study sought to review the effect of different natural and artificial SCMs on the durability and mechanical properties of cement composites, especially due to their doses, types, chemical composition, and physical properties. Hence the review shows that many SCMs used by literatures from different places satisfy ASTM replacement standard based on their chemical compositions. Also, the review indicated as adding 5-20% of different SCMs positively affect mechanical properties, durability, and microstructures of the cement composite materials, specifically as most researchers found isolately adding of 15% SCMs such as bentonite, kaolin, and biomass, 20% addition of volcanic ash and 10% employment of fly ash, silica fume, and zeolite to the cement composites achieves the most optimum compressive and split tensile strength. These observations reveal that most natural pozzolana can more replace cement to give optimum strength, hence can more reduce energy consumption, production cost, and environmental pollution comes due to cement production. Furthermore, most researchers found employing different SCMs generally improves durability, however there is a limited study on the effect of silica fume on water absorption and acidic attack resistance of cementitious materials. Therefore, it is recommended that future research should also focus more to know the effect of silica fume on the durability of cement composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsion Amsalu Fode
- Department of Materials, Energy Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Water Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy Futures (WISE-Futures) Centre of Excellence, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 9124, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Yusufu Abeid Chande Jande
- Department of Materials, Energy Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Water Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy Futures (WISE-Futures) Centre of Excellence, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 9124, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Thomas Kivevele
- Department of Materials, Energy Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Water Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy Futures (WISE-Futures) Centre of Excellence, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 9124, Arusha, Tanzania
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Performance Investigation of the Incorporation of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag with Fly Ash in Autoclaved Aerated Concrete. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12081024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is one of the most common types of lightweight cellular concrete, having a density of approximately one-fourth of that of conventional plain cement concrete. The use of industrial waste materials in concrete as a replacement for cement has garnered a lot of attention in recent years as a way to reduce the environmental effect of concrete. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the effect of AAC blocks made of industrial wastes such as fly Ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Fly ash, along with different dosages of GGBS, was used as a partial replacement for cement in the production of AAC. For all the different dosages, microstructural analysis was performed using a Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Mechanical performances of AAC were determined by conducting various tests like compressive strength, modulus of rupture, dry density, and water absorption. The results revealed that the dosage of “15% GGBS + 85% cement” has maximum compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture made of Class F Fly Ash when compared to Class C Fly Ash based AAC blocks. Besides, the incorporation of GGBS in the manufacturing process would increase the compressive strength of AAC up to 68%. Hence, it is recommended to use 15% GGBS + 85% cement as a potential rate of replacement, to improve the mechanical properties of AAC blocks significantly.
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Abdullah MAH, Rashid RSM, Amran M, Hejazii F, Azreen NM, Fediuk R, Voo YL, Vatin NI, Idris MI. Recent Trends in Advanced Radiation Shielding Concrete for Construction of Facilities: Materials and Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2830. [PMID: 35890605 PMCID: PMC9316934 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear energy offers a wide range of applications, which include power generation, X-ray imaging, and non-destructive tests, in many economic sectors. However, such applications come with the risk of harmful radiation, thereby requiring shielding to prevent harmful effects on the surrounding environment and users. Concrete has long been used as part of structures in nuclear power plants, X-ray imaging rooms, and radioactive storage. The direction of recent research is headed toward concrete's ability in attenuating harmful energy radiated from nuclear sources through various alterations to its composition. Radiation shielding concrete (RSC) is a composite-based concrete that was developed in the last few years with heavy natural aggregates such as magnetite or barites. RSC is deemed a superior alternative to many types of traditional normal concrete in terms of shielding against the harmful radiation, and being economical and moldable. Given the merits of RSCs, this article presents a comprehensive review on the subject, considering the classifications, alternative materials, design additives, and type of heavy aggregates used. This literature review also provides critical reviews on RSC performance in terms of radiation shielding characteristics, mechanical strength, and durability. In addition, this work extensively reviews the trends of development research toward a broad understanding of the application possibilities of RSC as an advanced concrete product for producing a robust and green concrete composite for the construction of radiation shielding facilities as a better solution for protection from sources of radiation. Furthermore, this critical review provides a view of the progress made on RSCs and proposes avenues for future research on this hotspot research topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhd Afiq Hizami Abdullah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (R.S.M.R.); (F.H.)
- Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 02100, Malaysia
| | - Raizal Saifulnaz Muhammad Rashid
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (R.S.M.R.); (F.H.)
| | - Mugahed Amran
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, Quhal 9677, Yemen
| | - Farzad Hejazii
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (R.S.M.R.); (F.H.)
| | - N. M. Azreen
- Material and Structural Integrity Group, Malaysia Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Roman Fediuk
- Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Yen Lei Voo
- DURA Technologies Sdn. Bhd, Jalan Chepor 11/8, Pusat Seramik Fasa 2, Ulu Chepor, Chemor 31200, Perak, Malaysia;
| | | | - Mohd Idzat Idris
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Selangor 43600, Malaysia;
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Chakrawarthi V, Dharmar B, Avudaiappan S, Amran M, Flores ES, Alam MA, Fediuk R, Vatin NI, Rashid RSM. Destructive and Non-Destructive Testing of the Performance of Copper Slag Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:4536. [PMID: 35806661 PMCID: PMC9267722 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Concrete technology is adopted worldwide in construction due to its effectiveness, performance, and price benefits. Subsequently, it needs to be an eco-friendly, sustainable, and energy-efficient material. This is achieved by replacing or adding energy-efficient concrete materials from industries, such as ground granulated blast furnace slag, steel slag, fly ash, bottom ash, rice husk ash, etc. Likewise, copper slag is a waste material produced as molten slag from the copper industry, which can be used in concrete production. Copper slag can perform roles similar to pozzolans in the hydration process. This paper extends the comparative study of copper slag concrete with polypropylene fiber (PPF) subjected to destructive and non-destructive testing. Under destructive testing, compressive strength of concrete cubes, compressive strength of mortar cubes, splitting tensile tests on cylindrical specimens, and flexural tests on plain cement concrete were conducted and analysed. Ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound hammer tests were performed on the samples as per IS13311-Part 1-1992 for non-destructive testing. The 100% replacement of copper slag exhibited a very high workability of 105 mm, while the addition of 0.8% PPF decreased the flowability of the concrete. Hence, the workability of concrete decreases as the fiber content increases. The density of the concrete was found to be increased in the range of 5% to 10%. Furthermore, it was found that, for all volume fractions of fiber, there was no reduction in compressive strength of up to 80% of copper slag concrete compared to control concrete. The 40% copper slag concrete was the best mix proportion for increasing compressive strength. However, for cement mortar applications, 80% copper slag is recommended. The findings of non-destructive testing show that, except for 100% copper slag, all mixes were of good quality compared to other mixes. Linear relationships were developed to predict compressive strength from UPV and rebound hammer test values. This relationship shows better prediction among dependent and independent values. It is concluded that copper slag has a pozzolanic composition, and is compatible with PPF, resulting in good mechanical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaprabha Chakrawarthi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi 630003, India;
| | - Brindha Dharmar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai 625015, India;
| | - Siva Avudaiappan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Mugahed Amran
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, Amran 9677, Yemen
| | - Erick Saavedra Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Santiago 9170201, Chile;
| | - Mohammad Ayaz Alam
- Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Atacama, Avenida Copayapu 485, Copiapó 1531772, Región de Atacama, Chile;
| | - Roman Fediuk
- Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Raizal S. M. Rashid
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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Prakash R, Divyah N, Srividhya S, Avudaiappan S, Amran M, Naidu Raman S, Guindos P, Vatin NI, Fediuk R. Effect of Steel Fiber on the Strength and Flexural Characteristics of Coconut Shell Concrete Partially Blended with Fly Ash. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:4272. [PMID: 35744338 PMCID: PMC9229043 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The construction industry relies heavily on concrete as a building material. The coarse aggregate makes up a substantial portion of the volume of concrete. However, the continued exploitation of granite rock for coarse aggregate results in an increase in the future generations' demand for natural resources. In this investigation, coconut shell was used in the place of conventional aggregate to produce coconut shell lightweight concrete. Class F fly ash was used as a partial substitute for cement to reduce the high cement content of lightweight concrete. The impact of steel fiber addition on the compressive strength and flexural features of sustainable concrete was investigated. A 10% weight replacement of class F fly ash was used in the place of cement. Steel fiber was added at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0% of the concrete volume. The results revealed that the addition of steel fibers enhanced the compressive strength by up to 39%. The addition of steel fiber to reinforced coconut shell concrete beams increased the ultimate moment capacity by 5-14%. Flexural toughness was increased by up to 45%. The span/deflection ratio of all fiber-reinforced coconut shell concrete beams met the IS456 and BS 8110 requirements. Branson's and the finite element models developed in this study agreed well with the experimental results. As a result, coconut shell concrete with steel fiber could be considered as a viable and environmentally-friendly construction material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaiah Prakash
- Department of Civil Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi 630001, India
| | - Nagarajan Divyah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore 641013, India;
| | - Sundaresan Srividhya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Varuvan Vadivelan Institute of Technology, Dharmapuri 636703, India;
| | - Siva Avudaiappan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Centro Nacional de Excelenciapara la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 8330024, Chile;
| | - Mugahed Amran
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, Amran 9677, Yemen
| | - Sudharshan Naidu Raman
- Civil Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Pablo Guindos
- Centro Nacional de Excelenciapara la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 8330024, Chile;
| | - Nikolai Ivanovich Vatin
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.I.V.); (R.F.)
| | - Roman Fediuk
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.I.V.); (R.F.)
- Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
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Arularasi V, Pachiappan T, Avudaiappan S, Raman SN, Guindos P, Amran M, Fediuk R, Vatin NI. Effects of Admixtures on Energy Consumption in the Process of Ready-Mixed Concrete Mixing. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124143. [PMID: 35744203 PMCID: PMC9230967 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The production and utilization of concrete and concrete-based products have drastically increased with the surge of construction activities over the last decade, especially in countries such as China and India. Consequently, this has resulted in a corresponding increase in the energy used for the production of ready-mixed concrete. One approach to reduce the cost of concrete manufacturing is to reduce the energy required for the manufacturing process. The main hypothesis of this study is that the power required for mixing the concrete can be reduced through the use of mineral admixtures in the mix design. Optimization of energy consumption during mixing using admixtures in concrete manufacturing is the predominant focus of this article. To achieve this objective, power consumption data were measured and analyzed throughout the concrete mixing process. The power consumption curve is the only source to distinguish the behavior of the different materials used in the concrete in a closed chamber. In the current research, fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) were used as mineral admixtures to produce ready-mixed concrete. The experimental study focused on the influence of GGBS and fly ash on power consumption during concrete mixing. The results indicated that the use of a higher content of GGBS is more beneficial in comparison to the use of fly ash in the mix due to the lower mixing time required to achieve homogeneity in the mixing process. It was found that the amount of energy required for mixing is directly related to the mixing time for the mix to achieve homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerabadrasamy Arularasi
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India;
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Thamilselvi Pachiappan
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India;
| | - Siva Avudaiappan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
| | - Sudharshan Naidu Raman
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Pablo Guindos
- Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
| | - Mugahed Amran
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, Amran 9677, Yemen
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Roman Fediuk
- Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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