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Siddique F, Li F, Hussain MZ, Zhao Q, Li Q. Design and Performance of Layered Heterostructure Composite Material System for Protective Armors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5169. [PMID: 37512443 PMCID: PMC10383895 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
A new layered heterostructure composite material system (TC4 as front layer and 2024Al alloy as back layer) was developed and analyzed for its design and performance in terms of an enhanced absorption capability and anti-penetration behavior. The Florence model for energy absorption was modified, so that it can be utilized for the layered heterostructure composite material system with more efficacy. Numerical simulation through Ls-Dyna validated the analytical model findings regarding the energy absorption of the system and both were in good agreement. Results showed that two ductile materials with diverse properties, the hardness gradient and varied layer thickness joined together, specifically behaved like a unified structure and exhibited elastic collision after slight bending, which is possibly due to the decreased yield strength of the front layer and increased yield strength of the second layer. To validate the analytical and numerical findings, the samples of the layered heterostructure composite material system were subjected to a SHPB (Split Hopkinson pressure bar) compression test. The deformation behavior was analyzed in the context of the strain energy density and stain rate sensitivity parameter at different strain rates. The encouraging results proposed that two ductile materials with a hardness gradient can be used as an alternate structure instead of a brittle-ductile combination in a layered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Siddique
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Fuguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- National Innovation Center of Forging and Ring Rolling Technology in Defense Industry, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Mirza Zahid Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- National Innovation Center of Forging and Ring Rolling Technology in Defense Industry, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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Rahman S, Khan R, Niazi UM, Legutko S, Khan MA, Ahmed BA, Petrů J, Hajnyš J, Irfan M. Performance Prediction of Erosive Wear of Steel for Two-Phase Flow in an Inverse U-Bend. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5558. [PMID: 36013695 PMCID: PMC9414689 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Erosion of the elbow due to non-Newtonian viscous slurry flows is often observed in hydrocarbon transportation pipelines. This paper intends to study the erosion behavior of double offset U-bends and 180° U-bends for two-phase (liquid-sand) flow. A numerical simulation was conducted using the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) on carbon steel pipe bends with a 40 mm diameter and an R/D ratio of 1.5. The validity of the erosion model has been established by comparing it with the results quantified in the literature by experiment. While the maximum erosive wear rates of all evaluated cases were found to be quite different, the maximum erosion locations have been identified between 150° and 180° downstream at the outer curvature. It was seen that with the increase in disperse phase diameter, the erosive wear rate and impact area increased. Moreover, with the change of configuration from a 180° U-bend to a double offset U-bend, the influence of turbulence on the transit of the disperse phase decreases as the flow approaches downstream and results in less erosive wear in a double offset U-bend. Furthermore, the simulation results manifest that the erosive wear increases with an increase in flow velocity, and the erosion rate of the double offset U-bend was nearly 8.58 times less than the 180° U-bend for a carrier fluid velocity of 2 m/s and 1.82 times less for 4 m/s carrier fluid velocity. The erosion rate of the double offset U-bend was reduced by 120% compared to the 180° U-bend for 6 m/s in liquid-solid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifur Rahman
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Usama Muhammad Niazi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, National Skills University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Stanislaw Legutko
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Muhammad Ali Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Anjum Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Jana Petrů
- Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hajnyš
- Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
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