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Stempkowska A, Gawenda T, Smoroń K. The Diatomite Grinding Technology Concept for the Protection of Diatomite Shells and the Control of Product Grading. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3662. [PMID: 39124325 PMCID: PMC11312745 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Diatomite deposits in Poland are located in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship, and the only active deposit is in Jawornik Ruski. Therefore, it is a unique material. Improved rock processing methods are constantly in demand. In the research presented here, we have used research methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), particle shape analysis, and appropriate sets of crushing machines. Diatomite comminution tests were carried out on test stands in different crushers (jaw crusher, hammer crusher, high-pressure roller press, ball mill) using different elementary crushing force actions: crushing, abrasion, and impact, occurring separately or in combination. The machines were tested with selected variable parameters to obtain products with a wide range of grain sizes ranging from 0 to 10 mm. The ball mill (yield 87%, system C3) and the hammer crusher with HPGR (high-pressure grinding roller) (yield 79%, system D2 + D3) have the greatest impact on diatom shell release and accumulation in the finest 0-5 μm and 5-10 μm fractions. For commercial purposes, it is important to obtain very fine fractions while keeping the shells undisturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Stempkowska
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, AGH University, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Gawenda
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, AGH University, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Smoroń
- Specialized Mining Company GÓRTECH Sp. z o.o., 31-586 Kraków, Poland;
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Antosik AK, Kucharska E, Mozelewska K. Study of Applying Naturally Occurring Mineral Materials for Silicone Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2092. [PMID: 36903207 PMCID: PMC10004305 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicones are commonly used as adhesives when high-quality materials are required due to harsh environmental conditions such as high temperature, humidity, etc. To ensure high resistance to environmental conditions, including high temperatures, modifications of silicone adhesives are made using fillers. The characteristics of a modified silicone-based pressure-sensitive adhesive with filler are the focus of this work. Functionalized palygorskite was prepared in this investigation by grafting 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) onto palygorskite (palygorskite-MPTMS). The palygorskite was functionalized using MPTMS under dried conditions. FTIR/ATR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis were all used to characterize the obtained palygorskite-MPTMS. MPTMS loading onto palygorskite was also proposed. The results demonstrated that palygorskite's initial calcination favors the grafting of functional groups on its surface. New self-adhesive tapes based on palygorskite-modified silicone resins have been obtained. This functionalized filler allows for the improvement of the compatibility of palygorskite with specific resins for application in heat-resistant silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives. The new self-adhesive materials showed increased thermal resistance while maintaining good self-adhesive properties.
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Duchnowska M, Strzałkowski P, Bakalarz A, Kaźmierczak U, Köken E, Karwowski P, Wolny M, Stępień T. Influence of Basalt Aggregate Crushing Technology on Its Geometrical Properties-Preliminary Studies. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:602. [PMID: 36676344 PMCID: PMC9866930 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of mineral aggregates is related to the increasing demand in construction, railway and road infrastructures. However, mineral aggregates can appear to be of variable quality, directly affecting their suitability for respective earthwork applications. Since the production of mineral aggregates should ensure the standardized, high-quality requirements of the final product, rock-crushing mechanisms should be investigated in a detailed manner. In this context, the aim of the present study is to evaluate and analyze the geometric parameters of basalt aggregates as a result of several rock comminution processes. Basalt aggregates from two deposits in Poland were used in the study. The samples are differentiated regarding both lithological variances, mineral composition as well as the host rock's tuff content. The rock comminution processes were conducted using two types of crushers, namely the laboratory-scale jaw and cone crushers. The feed for crushing was designed based on the original geometric grain composition and the separated feed in the form of flaky and non-flaky particles. The crushability test results demonstrated that the interparticle compression in the jaw crusher resulted in finer products compared to the one in the cone crusher. It was also observed that the flakiness and shape indexes decreased after crushing, both in the feed with the original geometric composition of the grains and those with flaky and non-flaky particles. Nevertheless, a higher flakiness index was obtained after the crushing of non-flaky particles and a lower one after the crushing of flaky particles. The flakiness index for grains below 16 mm after the crushing process was less than 10%, which indicates a more favorable result compared to the original feed. In addition, it was shown that flaky and non-cubical particles were accumulated in the finest (below 8 mm) and coarsest (above 20 mm) fractions in jaw and cone crushing processes, receiving flakiness and shape indexes ranging up to 80-100%. Finally, it was also observed that the lithological variances of the feed material have a significant impact on the particle size distribution of the product. More profoundly, basalt aggregates with a higher tuff content and weathering degree have a higher degree of crushing. The present study, in this context, provides accurate and satisfying information on understanding the crushing mechanisms of two important crushing equipment as well as their rock-crusher interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Duchnowska
- Department of Mining, Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Strzałkowski
- Department of Mining, Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alicja Bakalarz
- Department of Mining, Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Urszula Kaźmierczak
- Department of Mining, Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ekin Köken
- Nanotechnology Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri 38100, Turkey
| | - Piotr Karwowski
- Department of Mining, Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Wolny
- Department of Mining, Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stępień
- Department of Mining, Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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