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Silva R, Silva B, Fernandes C, Morouço P, Alves N, Veloso A. A Review on 3D Scanners Studies for Producing Customized Orthoses. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1373. [PMID: 38474907 DOI: 10.3390/s24051373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
When a limb suffers a fracture, rupture, or dislocation, it is traditionally immobilized with plaster. This may induce discomfort in the patient, as well as excessive itching and sweating, which creates the growth of bacteria, leading to an unhygienic environment and difficulty in keeping the injury clean during treatment. Furthermore, if the plaster remains for a long period, it may cause lesions in the joints and ligaments. To overcome all of these disadvantages, orthoses have emerged as important medical devices to help patients in rehabilitation, as well as for self-care of deficiencies in clinics and daily life. Traditionally, these devices are produced manually, which is a time-consuming and error-prone method. From another point of view, it is possible to use imageology (X-ray or computed tomography) to scan the human body; a process that may help orthoses manufacturing but which induces radiation to the patient. To overcome this great disadvantage, several types of 3D scanners, without any kind of radiation, have emerged. This article describes the use of various types of scanners capable of digitizing the human body to produce custom orthoses. Studies have shown that photogrammetry is the most used and most suitable 3D scanner for the acquisition of the human body in 3D. With this evolution of technology, it is possible to decrease the scanning time and it will be possible to introduce this technology into clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Silva
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
- CDRSP, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
| | - Bruna Silva
- CDRSP, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Morouço
- ESECS, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411 Leiria, Portugal
- CIDESD, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- CDRSP, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
| | - António Veloso
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
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Rani P, Yadav V, Pandey P, Yadav K. Recent patent-based review on the role of three-dimensional printing technology in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Pharm Pat Anal 2023; 12:159-175. [PMID: 37882734 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2023-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is emerging as an innovative manufacturing technology for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, since the US FDA approval of Spritam as a 3D-printed drug. In the present review, we have highlighted the potential benefits of 3DP technology in healthcare, such as the ability to create patient-specific medical devices and implants, as well as the possibility of on-demand production of drugs and personalized dosage forms. We have further discussed future research to optimize 3DP processes and materials for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Cohesively, we have put forward the current state of active patents and applications related to 3DP technology in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries including hearing aids, prostheses, medical devices and drug-delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Rani
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Yadav
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö SE-20213, Sweden
| | - Parijat Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurugram University, Gurugram, 122018, Haryana, India
| | - Kiran Yadav
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India
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Danko M, Sekac J, Dzivakova E, Zivcak J, Hudak R. 3D Printing of Individual Running Insoles - A Case Study. Orthop Res Rev 2023; 15:105-118. [PMID: 37275301 PMCID: PMC10237191 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s399624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study's starting point is to find a low-cost and best-fit solution for comfortable movement for a recreational runner with knee pain using an orthopedic device. It is a case study. The research aims to apply digitization, CAD/CAM tools, and 3D printing to create an individual 3D running insole. The objective is to incorporate flexible shape optimization would provide comfort reductions in foot plantar pressures in one subject with knee pain while running. The test hypothesis was if it is possible to make it from one material. For this purpose, we created a new digital workflow based on the Decision Tree method and analyzed pain and comfort scores during user testing of prototypes. Patient and Methods The input data were obtained during a professional examination by a specialist doctor in the orthopedic outpatient clinic in the motion laboratory (DIERS 4D Motion Lab, Germany) with the output of data on the proband's complex movement stereotype. Surface and volumetric data were obtained in the biomedical laboratory with the 3D scanner. We modified the digital 3D foot models in 3D mesh software, developed the design in SW Gensole (Gyrobot, UK), and finally incorporated the internal structure and the surface layer of the insole data of the knowledge from the medical examination, comfort analyses, and scientific studies findings. Results Four complete 3D-printed prototypes (n=4) with differences in density and correction elements were designed. All of them were fabricated on a 3D printer (Prusa i3 MK3S, Czech Republic) with flexible TPU material suitable for skin contact. The Participant tested each of them five times in the field during a workout and final insoles three months on the routine training. Conclusion A novel workflow was created for designing, producing, and testing full 3D-printed insoles. The product is fit for immediate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Danko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Technical University of Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Sekac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Technical University of Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Dzivakova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Technical University of Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Zivcak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Technical University of Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Radovan Hudak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Technical University of Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Sakib-Uz-Zaman C, Khondoker MAH. Polymer-Based Additive Manufacturing for Orthotic and Prosthetic Devices: Industry Outlook in Canada. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061506. [PMID: 36987285 PMCID: PMC10057521 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional manufacturing methods for fabricating orthotic and prosthetic (O&P) devices have been in practice for a very long time. Recently, O&P service providers have started exploring different advanced manufacturing techniques. The objective of this paper is to perform a mini review on recent progress in the use of polymer-based additive manufacturing (AM) for O&P devices and to gather insights from the O&P professionals on the current practices and technologies and on the prospect of using AM techniques in this field. First, scientific articles on AM for O&P devices were studied. Then, twenty-two (22) interviews were conducted with O&P professionals from Canada. The primary focus was on five key areas: cost, material, design and fabrication efficiency, structural strength, functionality, and patient satisfaction. The cost of manufacturing the O&P devices using AM techniques is lower as compared to the conventional methods. O&P professionals expressed their concern over the materials and structural strength of the 3D-printed prosthetic devices. Published articles report comparable functionality and patient satisfaction for both O&P devices. AM also greatly improves design and fabrication efficiency. However, due to a lack of qualification standards for 3D printed O&P devices, 3D printing is being embraced more slowly in the O&P business than in other industries.
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Brognara L, Mafla-España MA, Gil-Molina I, Castillo-Verdejo Y, Cauli O. The Effects of 3D Custom Foot Orthotics with Mechanical Plantar Stimulation in Older Individuals with Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121669. [PMID: 36552129 PMCID: PMC9775314 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent scientific evidence supports the idea that foot plantar stimulation increases the functional connectivity of brain regions involved in visuo-spatial and sensory-motor integration. In this before−after, non-randomised intervention study we assessed the change in several gait and postural parameters using inertial sensor measurements after acute plantar stimulation using custom 3D-printed insoles. The pilot study was performed on 22 institutionalised, older individuals with a high comorbidity burden who either walked autonomously or with the help of a cane. The intensity of the effects in the first mechanical plantar stimulation session (at one week) strongly predicted a change in the 180° turn duration (p < 0.05) and the standard deviation of the step duration (p < 0.05) during the timed up-and-go test. Based on these effects, researchers also predicted decreases in some postural parameters such as the root mean square of displacement on the anterior−posterior axis (p < 0.01). Thus, these preliminary findings provide a strong rationale for performing controlled clinical trials with larger samples to investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of mechanical plantar stimulation in frail elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Brognara
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, Via Ugo Foscolo 7, 40123 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Mayra Alejandra Mafla-España
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Organized Group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Jaume Roig s/n, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Omar Cauli
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Organized Group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Jaume Roig s/n, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Petousis M, Vidakis N, Mountakis N, Grammatikos S, Papadakis V, David CN, Moutsopoulou A, Das SC. Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles as a Mechanical Boosting Agent in Material Extrusion 3D-Printed Polycarbonate. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3492. [PMID: 36080567 PMCID: PMC9459990 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the effect of silicon carbide (carborundum, SiC), as a boosting agent of the mechanical response of the polycarbonate (PC) polymer, was investigated. The work aimed to fabricate nanocomposites with an improved mechanical performance and to further expand the utilization of 3D printing in fields requiring an enhanced material response. The nanocomposites were produced by a thermomechanical process in various SiC concentrations in order to evaluate the filler loading in the mechanical enhancement. The samples were 3D printed with the material extrusion (MEX) method. Their mechanical performance was characterized, following international standards, by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile, flexural, and Charpy's impact tests. The microhardness of the samples was also measured. The morphological characteristics were examined, and Raman spectra revealed their structure. It was found that SiC can improve the mechanical performance of the PC thermoplastic. A 19.5% increase in the tensile strength was found for the 2 wt.% loading nanocomposite, while the 3 wt.% nanocomposite showed a 16% increase in the flexural strength and a 35.9% higher impact strength when compared to the unfilled PC. No processability issues were faced for the filler loadings that have been studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sotirios Grammatikos
- Laboratory for Advanced and Sustainable Engineering Materials (ASEMlab), Department of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gjovik, Norway
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Constantine N. David
- Manufacturing Technology & Production Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, International Hellenic University, Serres Campus, 62124 Serres, Greece
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Subrata C. Das
- Laboratory for Advanced and Sustainable Engineering Materials (ASEMlab), Department of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gjovik, Norway
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