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Kargar E, Ghasemi-Ghalebahman A. Experimental investigation on fatigue life and tensile strength of carbon fiber-reinforced PLA composites based on fused deposition modeling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18194. [PMID: 37875509 PMCID: PMC10598210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a widely used additive manufacturing (AM) method that offers great flexibility in fabricating complex geometries without requiring expensive equipment. However, compared to other manufacturing methods, FDM-produced parts generally exhibit lower strength and fatigue life. To overcome this limitation, researchers have explored the use of fibers and reinforcements to enhance the mechanical properties of FDM parts. Nevertheless, the performance of FDM-produced parts can be significantly affected by various manufacturing parameters, including infill density, which is a key factor in balancing time and cost. In this study, the tensile strength and fatigue life of carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites produced by FDM were investigated by varying the infill density (50 and 75%) and raster angle (0°, 45°, and 90°). The effects of 100% filling density, raster width, and nozzle diameter on mechanical properties were also examined. The experimental results demonstrated that increasing the infill density and decreasing the raster angle can enhance the tensile strength, although the fatigue behavior was found to be more complex and dependent on the infill density. The optimal parameters for producing FDM parts with improved mechanical properties were identified based on the analysis of the tensile strength and fatigue life data. This research has yielded significant findings concerning the diverse fatigue behavior associated with the raster angle at different infill densities. Specifically, noteworthy observations reveal that a raster angle of 45 degrees at 50% infill density, and a raster angle of 0 degrees at 75% infill density, exhibited the most prolonged fatigue life. This outcome can be ascribed to the specific loading conditions and the inherent strength of the sediment layer at the critical point of stress concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Kargar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
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Zilinskaite N, Shukla RP, Baradoke A. Use of 3D Printing Techniques to Fabricate Implantable Microelectrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:315-336. [PMID: 37868357 PMCID: PMC10588936 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
This Review provides a comprehensive overview of 3D printing techniques to fabricate implantable microelectrodes for the electrochemical detection of biomarkers in the early diagnosis of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Early diagnosis of these diseases is crucial to improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare systems' burden. Biomarkers serve as measurable indicators of these diseases, and implantable microelectrodes offer a promising tool for their electrochemical detection. Here, we discuss various 3D printing techniques, including stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and two-photon polymerization (2PP), highlighting their advantages and limitations in microelectrode fabrication. We also explore the materials used in constructing implantable microelectrodes, emphasizing their biocompatibility and biodegradation properties. The principles of electrochemical detection and the types of sensors utilized are examined, with a focus on their applications in detecting biomarkers for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we address the current challenges and future perspectives in the field of 3D-printed implantable microelectrodes, emphasizing their potential for improving early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemira Zilinskaite
- Wellcome/Cancer
Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and
Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, U.K.
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Vilnius, M. K. Čiurlionio g. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rajendra P. Shukla
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck
Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ausra Baradoke
- Wellcome/Cancer
Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and
Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, U.K.
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Vilnius, M. K. Čiurlionio g. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck
Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Center for
Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
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McNiffe E, Ritter T, Higgins T, Sam-Daliri O, Flanagan T, Walls M, Ghabezi P, Finnegan W, Mitchell S, Harrison NM. Advancements in Functionally Graded Polyether Ether Ketone Components: Design, Manufacturing, and Characterisation Using a Modified 3D Printer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2992. [PMID: 37514382 PMCID: PMC10383721 DOI: 10.3390/polym15142992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionally Graded Materials represent the next generation of engineering design for metal and plastic components. In this research, a specifically modified and optimised 3D printer was used to manufacture functionally graded polyether ether ketone components. This paper details the design and manufacturing methodologies used in the development of a polyether ether ketone printer capable of producing functionally graded materials through the manipulation of microstructure. The interaction of individually deposited beads of material during the printing process was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, to observe and quantify the porosity levels and interlayer bonding strength, which affects the quality of the final parts. Specimens were produced under varying process conditions and tested to characterise the influence of the process conditions on the resulting material properties. The specimens printed at high enclosure temperatures exhibited greater strength than parts printed without the active addition of heat, due to improved bond formation between individual layers of the print and a large degree of crystallinity through maintenance at these elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric McNiffe
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Tobias Ritter
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Tom Higgins
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Omid Sam-Daliri
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Tomas Flanagan
- Éire Composites Teo, Údarás Industrial Estate, An Choill Rua, Inverin, Co., H91 Y923 Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael Walls
- CTL Tástáil Teo, Údarás Industrial Estate, An Choill Rua, Inverin, Co., H91 Y923 Galway, Ireland
| | - Pouyan Ghabezi
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Construct Innovate & SFI MaREI Research Centre, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - William Finnegan
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Construct Innovate & SFI MaREI Research Centre, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- I-Form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel M Harrison
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Construct Innovate & SFI MaREI Research Centre, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- I-Form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Ahn J, Doh J, Kim S, Park SI. Knowledge-Based Design Algorithm for Support Reduction in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1672. [PMID: 36296025 PMCID: PMC9612078 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although additive manufacturing (AM) enables designers to develop products with a high degree of design freedom, the manufacturing constraints of AM restrict design freedom. One of the key manufacturing constraints is the use of support structures for overhang features, which are indispensable in AM processes, but increase material consumption, manufacturing costs, and build time. Therefore, controlling support structure generation is a significant issue in fabricating functional products directly using AM. The goal of this paper is to propose a knowledge-based design algorithm for reducing support structures whilst considering printability and as-printed quality. The proposed method consists of three steps: (1) AM ontology development, for characterizing a target AM process, (2) Surrogate model construction, for quantifying the impact of the AM parameters on as-printed quality, (3) Design and process modification, for reducing support structures and optimizing the AM parameters. The significance of the proposed method is to not only optimize process parameters, but to also control local geometric features for a better surface roughness and build time reduction. To validate the proposed algorithm, case studies with curve-based (1D), surface-based (2D), and volume (3D) models were carried out to prove the reduction of support generation and build time while maintaining surface quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseung Ahn
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Jaehyeok Doh
- School of Mechanical and Material Convergence Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si 52725, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Samyeon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si 55069, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Sang-in Park
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
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Fico D, Rizzo D, De Carolis V, Montagna F, Esposito Corcione C. Sustainable Polymer Composites Manufacturing through 3D Printing Technologies by Using Recycled Polymer and Filler. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183756. [PMID: 36145901 PMCID: PMC9504255 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the excessive use of plastic and other synthetic materials, that are generally difficult to dispose of, has caused growing ecological worries. These are contributing to redirecting the world’s attention to sustainable materials and a circular economy (CE) approach using recycling routes. In this work, bio-filaments for the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technique were produced from recycled polylactic acid (PLA) and artisanal ceramic waste by an extrusion process and fully characterized from a physical, thermal, and mechanical point of view. The data showed different morphological, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of the two produced filaments. Furthermore, the 3D objects produced from the 100% recycled PLA filament showed lower mechanical performance. However, the results have demonstrated that all the produced filaments can be used in a low-cost FFF commercial printer that has been modified with simple hand-made operations in order to produce 3D-printed models. The main objective of this work is to propose an example of easy and low-cost application of 3D printing that involves operations such as the reprocessing and the recyclability of materials, that are also not perfectly mechanically performing but can still provide environmental and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fico
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela Rizzo
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Valentina De Carolis
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Montagna
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carola Esposito Corcione
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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