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Bjurström A, Edin H, Hillborg H, Nilsson F, Olsson RT, Pierre M, Unge M, Hedenqvist MS. A Review of Polyolefin-Insulation Materials in High Voltage Transmission; From Electronic Structures to Final Products. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401464. [PMID: 38870339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of polyolefins in high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) cables and capacitors. A short description of the latest evolution and current use of HVDC cables and capacitors is first provided, followed by the basics of electric insulation and capacitor functions. Methods to determine dielectric properties are described, including charge transport, space charges, resistivity, dielectric loss, and breakdown strength. The semicrystalline structure of polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene is described, and the way it relates to the dielectric properties is discussed. A significant part of the review is devoted to describing the state of art of the modeling and prediction of electric or dielectric properties of polyolefins with consideration of both atomistic and continuum approaches. Furthermore, the effects of the purity of the materials and the presence of nanoparticles are presented, and the review ends with the sustainability aspects of these materials. In summary, the effective use of modeling in combination with experimental work is described as an important route toward understanding and designing the next generations of materials for electrical insulation in high-voltage transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Bjurström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- NKT HV Cables, Technology Consulting, Västerås, SE-721 78, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Hans Edin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Division of Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hillborg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- Hitachi Energy Research, Västerås, SE-721 78, Sweden
| | - Fritjof Nilsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, SE-851 70, Sweden
| | - Richard T Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Max Pierre
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Mikael Unge
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- NKT HV Cables, Technology Consulting, Västerås, SE-721 78, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Mikael S Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
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Han B, Dai J, Zhao W, Song W, Sun Z, Wang X. Preparation and Space Charge Properties of Functionalized Zeolite/Crosslinked Polyethylene Composites with High Thermal Conductivity. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4363. [PMID: 38006087 PMCID: PMC10674397 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposite doping is an effective method to improve the dielectric properties of polyethylene. Meanwhile, the introduction of thermal conductivity groups in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) is also an effective way to improve the thermal conductivity. Nano-zeolite is an inorganic material with a porous structure that can be doped into polyethylene to improve the insulation performance. In this paper, hyperbranched polyarylamide (HBP) with a high thermal conductivity and an auxiliary crosslinking agent (TAIC) was grafted on the surface of ZSM-5 nano-zeolite successively to obtain functionalized nano-zeolite (TAICS-ZSM-5-HBP) (the "S" in TAICS means plural). The prepared functionalized nano-zeolite was doped in polyethylene and grafted under a thermal crosslinking reaction to prepare nanocomposites (XLPE/TAICS-ZSM-5-HBP). The structural characterization showed that the nanocomposite was successfully prepared and that the nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the polyethylene matrix. The space charge of the TAICS-ZSM-5-HBP 5wt% nanocomposite under a high electric field was obviously inhibited. The space charge short-circuit test showed that the porous structure of the nano-zeolite introduced more deep traps, which made the trapped charge difficult to break off, hindering the charge injection. The introduction of TAICS-ZSM-5-HBP particles can greatly improve the thermal conductivity of nanocomposites. The thermal conductivity of the XLPE/5wt% and XLPE/7wt% TAICS-ZSM-5-HBP nanocomposites increased by 42.21% and 69.59% compared to that of XLPE at 20 °C, and by 34.27% and 62.83% at 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Han
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (W.Z.); (W.S.); (Z.S.); (X.W.)
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineer, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jinghui Dai
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (W.Z.); (W.S.); (Z.S.); (X.W.)
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineer, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Wanliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (W.Z.); (W.S.); (Z.S.); (X.W.)
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineer, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Wei Song
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (W.Z.); (W.S.); (Z.S.); (X.W.)
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineer, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zhi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (W.Z.); (W.S.); (Z.S.); (X.W.)
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineer, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (W.Z.); (W.S.); (Z.S.); (X.W.)
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineer, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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Wu K, Zhang T, Lin W, Wu S, Feng Y, Zuo X, Zhang Y. Electrical Resistance Performance of Cable Accessory Interface Considering Thermal Effects. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114122. [PMID: 37297256 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Power cables are widely used in various fields of power transmission, and cable accessories are the weakest link in power cable systems due to their complex structure and multi-layer insulation coordination issues. This paper investigates the changes in electrical properties of the silicone rubber/cross-linked polyethylene (SiR/XLPE) interface at high temperatures. The physicochemical properties of XLPE material under thermal effects with different times are characterized through FTIR, DSC, and SEM tests. Finally, the mechanism of the effects of the interface state on the electrical properties of the SiR/XLPE interface is analyzed. It is found that with the increase in temperature, the changes in electrical performance of the interface do not show a monotonic downward trend, while interestingly, they can be divided into three stages. Under the thermal effects for 40 d, the internal recrystallization of XLPE in the early stage improves the electrical properties of the interface. In the later stage of thermal effects, the amorphous region inside the material is severely damaged and the molecular chains are severely broken, resulting in a decrease in the electrical properties of the interface. The results above provide a theoretical basis for the interface design of cable accessories at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Electric Power Research Institute, Anhui Electric Power Company of State Grid, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tianfeng Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenxin Lin
- College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shaolei Wu
- Electric Power Research Institute, Anhui Electric Power Company of State Grid, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Electric Power Research Institute, Anhui Electric Power Company of State Grid, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiangyu Zuo
- Electric Power Research Institute, Anhui Electric Power Company of State Grid, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Tian J, Meng S, Zhou Y. Thermal Aging Properties of 500 kV AC and DC XLPE Cable Insulation Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245400. [PMID: 36559767 PMCID: PMC9780958 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite similar material composition and insulation application, the alternating current (AC) cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) and direct current (DC) XLPE materials cannot replace each other due to different voltage forms. Herein, this work presents a systematical investigation into the effects of thermal aging on the material composition and properties of 500 kV-level commercial AC XLPE and DC XLPE materials. A higher content of antioxidants in the AC XLPE than in the DC XLPE was experimentally demonstrated via thermal analysis technologies, such as oxidation-induced time and oxidation-induced temperature. Retarded thermal oxidation and suppression of space charge effects were observed in thermally aged AC XLPE samples. On the other hand, the carbonyl index of DC XLPE dramatically rose when thermal aging was up to 168 h. The newly generated oxygen-containing groups provided deep trapping sites (~0.95 eV) for space charges and caused severe electric field distortion (120%) under -50 kV/mm at room temperature in the aged DC XLPE samples. For the unaged XLPE materials, the positive space charge packets were attributed to the residue crosslinking byproducts, even after being treated in vacuum at 70 °C for 24 h. Thus, it was reasoned that the DC XLPE material had a lower crosslinking degree to guarantee fewer crosslinking byproducts. This work offers a simple but accurate method for evaluating thermal oxidation resistance and space charge properties crucial for developing high-performance HVDC cable insulation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhaowei Wang
- Wuwei Electric Power Supply Company of the State Grid, Wuwei 733000, China
| | - Jihuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaoxin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuanxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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