1
|
Staplevan MJ, Ansari AJ, Ahmed A, Hai FI. Impact of bioplastic contamination on the mechanical recycling of conventional plastics. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 185:1-9. [PMID: 38815529 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Quality assurance of a recycled product is currently one of the biggest issues that the plastic recycling industry faces. The purity of the input plastic waste stream has significant influence over the quality of the recycled product. This research evaluated the impact of polylactic acid (PLA) contamination within the input waste stream of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) recycling. The ultimate tensile strength was noted to reduce by 50% when PLA contamination was at 10%. An investigation into the effect that UVA radiation (simulating solar radiation) has on HDPE contaminated with PLA was also performed to determine the long-term effect of the bioplastic contamination. After UVA treatment, the ultimate tensile strength was reported to reduce by 51% when PLA contamination was only at 2.5%. A water contact angle analysis indicated the PLA contamination increased the hydrophilic nature of the HDPE sheets, potentially creating issues if the intended use of the recycled product was to store liquids. Microscopic analysis of the HDPE sheets contaminated with PLA showed deformations, ridges, cracks, and holes appear on the surface due to the immiscibility of the two polymers that was confirmed by FTIR analysis. Colour changes were visibly noted, with UVA exposure increasing the rate of colour change. Based on the findings in this study, PLA contamination of even 1% in a HDPE waste stream would significantly reduce the quality of the recycled product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Staplevan
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ashley J Ansari
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Aziz Ahmed
- School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ansari MAA, Makwana P, Dhimmar B, Vasita R, Jain PK, Nanda HS. Design and development of 3D printed shape memory triphasic polymer-ceramic bioactive scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38912967 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00785a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering require considerable mechanical strength to repair damaged bone defects. In this study, we designed and developed mechanically competent composite shape memory triphasic bone scaffolds using fused filament fabrication (FFF) three dimensional (3D) printing. Wollastonite particles (WP) were incorporated into the poly lactic acid (PLA)/polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix as a reinforcing agent (up to 40 wt%) to harness osteoconductive and load-bearing properties from the 3D printed scaffolds. PCL as a minor phase (20 wt%) was added to enhance the toughening effect and induce the shape memory effect in the triphasic composite scaffolds. The 3D-printed composite scaffolds were studied for morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties, in vitro degradation, biocompatibility, and shape memory behaviour. The composite scaffold had interconnected pores of 550 μm, porosity of more than 50%, and appreciable compressive strength (∼50 MPa), which was over 90% greater than that of the pristine PLA scaffolds. The flexural strength was improved by 140% for 40 wt% of WP loading. The inclusion of WP did not affect the thermal property of the scaffolds; however, the inclusion of PCL reduced the thermal stability. An accelerated in vitro degradation was observed for WP incorporated composite scaffolds compared to pristine PLA scaffolds. The inclusion of WP improved the hydrophilic property of the scaffolds, and the result was significant for 40 wt% WP incorporated composite scaffolds having a water contact angle of 49.61°. The triphasic scaffold exhibited excellent shape recovery properties with a shape recovery ratio of ∼84%. These scaffolds were studied for their protein adsorption, cell proliferation, and bone mineralization potential. The incorporation of WP reduced the protein adsorption capacity of the composite scaffolds. The scaffold did not leach any toxic substance and demonstrated good cell viability, indicating its biocompatibility and growth-promoting behavior. The osteogenic potential of the WP incorporated scaffolds was observed in MC3T3-E1 cells, revealing early mineralization in pre-osteoblast cells cultured in different WP incorporated composite scaffolds. These results suggest that 3D-printed WP reinforced PLA/PCL composite bioactive scaffolds are promising for load bearing bone defect repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aftab Alam Ansari
- Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing Laboratory (Formerly Biomedical Engineering and Technology Lab), Mechanical engineering discipline, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing Jabalpur, Jabalpur, India.
- Fused Filament Fabrication Laboratory, Mechanical engineering discipline, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing Jabalpur, Jabalpur, India.
- International Centre for Sustainable and Net Zero Technologies, PDPM-Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing (IIITDM) Jabalpur, Dumna Airport Road, Jabalpur-482005, MP, India
| | - Pooja Makwana
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Bindiya Dhimmar
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Rajesh Vasita
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 21100 Erwin St., Los Angeles, CA 91367, USA
| | - Prashant Kumar Jain
- Fused Filament Fabrication Laboratory, Mechanical engineering discipline, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing Jabalpur, Jabalpur, India.
| | - Himansu Sekhar Nanda
- Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing Laboratory (Formerly Biomedical Engineering and Technology Lab), Mechanical engineering discipline, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing Jabalpur, Jabalpur, India.
- International Centre for Sustainable and Net Zero Technologies, PDPM-Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing (IIITDM) Jabalpur, Dumna Airport Road, Jabalpur-482005, MP, India
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 21100 Erwin St., Los Angeles, CA 91367, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alexeeva OV, Olkhov AA, Konstantinova ML, Podmasterev VV, Petrova TV, Martirosyan LY, Karyagina OK, Kozlov SS, Lomakin SM, Tretyakov IV, Siracusa V, Iordanskii AL. A Novel Approach for Glycero-(9,10-trioxolane)-Trialeate Incorporation into Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) Blends for Biomedicine and Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:128. [PMID: 38201793 PMCID: PMC10780447 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The product of ozonolysis, glycero-(9,10-trioxolane)-trioleate (ozonide of oleic acid triglyceride, [OTOA]), was incorporated into polylactic acid/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) blend films in the amount of 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40% w/w. The morphological, mechanical, thermal and antibacterial properties of the biodegradable PLA/PCL films after the OTOA addition were studied. According to DSC and XRD data, the degree of crystallinity of the PLA/PCL + OTOA films showed a general decreasing trend with an increase in OTOA content. Thus, a significant decrease from 34.0% for the reference PLA/PCL film to 15.7% for the PLA/PCL + 40% OTOA film was established using DSC. Observed results could be explained by the plasticizing effect of OTOA. On the other hand, the PLA/PCL film with 20% OTOA does not follow this trend, showing an increase in crystallinity both via DSC (20.3%) and XRD (34.6%). OTOA molecules, acting as a plasticizer, reduce the entropic barrier for nuclei formation, leading to large number of PLA spherulites in the plasticized PLA/PCL matrix. In addition, OTOA molecules could decrease the local melt viscosity at the vicinity of the growing lamellae, leading to faster crystal growth. Morphological analysis showed that the structure of the films with an OTOA concentration above 20% drastically changed. Specifically, an interface between the PLA/PCL matrix and OTOA was formed, thereby forming a capsule with the embedded antibacterial agent. The moisture permeability of the resulting PLA/PCL + OTOA films decreased due to the formation of uniformly distributed hydrophobic amorphous zones that prevented water penetration. This architecture affects the tensile characteristics of the films: strength decreases to 5.6 MPa, elastic modulus E by 40%. The behavior of film elasticity is associated with the redistribution of amorphous regions in the matrix. Additionally, PLA/PCL + OTOA films with 20, 30 and 40% of OTOA showed good antibacterial properties on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Raoultella terrigena (Klebsiella terrigena) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, making the developed films potentially promising materials for wound-dressing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Alexeeva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Anatoliy A. Olkhov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.P.); (I.V.T.); (A.L.I.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina L. Konstantinova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Vyacheslav V. Podmasterev
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Tuyara V. Petrova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.P.); (I.V.T.); (A.L.I.)
| | - Levon Yu. Martirosyan
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Olga K. Karyagina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Sergey S. Kozlov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Sergey M. Lomakin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.P.); (I.V.T.); (A.L.I.)
| | - Ilya V. Tretyakov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.P.); (I.V.T.); (A.L.I.)
| | - Valentina Siracusa
- Department of Chemical Science (DSC), University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alexey L. Iordanskii
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.P.); (I.V.T.); (A.L.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tottoli EM, Benedetti L, Riva F, Chiesa E, Pisani S, Bruni G, Genta I, Conti B, Ceccarelli G, Dorati R. Electrospun Fibers Loaded with Pirfenidone: An Innovative Approach for Scar Modulation in Complex Wounds. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4045. [PMID: 37896289 PMCID: PMC10610295 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars (HTSs) are pathological structures resulting from chronic inflammation during the wound healing process, particularly in complex injuries like burns. The aim of this work is to propose Biofiber PF (biodegradable fiber loaded with Pirfenidone 1.5 w/w), an electrospun advanced dressing, as a solution for HTSs treatment in complex wounds. Biofiber has a 3-day antifibrotic action to modulate the fibrotic process and enhance physiological healing. Its electrospun structure consists of regular well-interconnected Poly-L-lactide-co-poly-ε-caprolactone (PLA-PCL) fibers (size 2.83 ± 0.46 µm) loaded with Pirfenidone (PF, 1.5% w/w), an antifibrotic agent. The textured matrix promotes the exudate balance through mild hydrophobic wettability behavior (109.3 ± 2.3°), and an appropriate equilibrium between the absorbency % (610.2 ± 171.54%) and the moisture vapor transmission rate (0.027 ± 0.036 g/min). Through its finer mechanical properties, Biofiber PF is conformable to the wound area, promoting movement and tissue oxygenation. These features also enhance the excellent elongation (>500%) and tenacity, both in dry and wet conditions. The ancillary antifibrotic action of PF on hypertrophic scar fibroblast (HSF) for 3 days downregulates the cell proliferation over time and modulates the gene expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) at 48-72 h. After 6 days of treatment, a decrement of α-SMA protein levels was detected, proving the potential of biofiber as a valid therapeutic treatment for HTSs in an established wound healing process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Maria Tottoli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.T.); (E.C.); (S.P.); (I.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Laura Benedetti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Human Anatomy Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.B.); (G.C.)
- CHT Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Enrica Chiesa
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.T.); (E.C.); (S.P.); (I.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Silvia Pisani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.T.); (E.C.); (S.P.); (I.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Giovanna Bruni
- Physical-Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Ida Genta
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.T.); (E.C.); (S.P.); (I.G.); (B.C.)
- CHT Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Bice Conti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.T.); (E.C.); (S.P.); (I.G.); (B.C.)
- CHT Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Human Anatomy Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.B.); (G.C.)
- CHT Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Dorati
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.T.); (E.C.); (S.P.); (I.G.); (B.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Solechan S, Suprihanto A, Widyanto SA, Triyono J, Fitriyana DF, Siregar JP, Cionita T. Characterization of PLA/PCL/Nano-Hydroxyapatite (nHA) Biocomposites Prepared via Cold Isostatic Pressing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030559. [PMID: 36771860 PMCID: PMC9919168 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite has the closest chemical composition to human bone. Despite this, the use of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) to produce biocomposite scaffolds from a mixture of polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) using cold isostatic pressing has not been studied intensively. In this study, biocomposites were created employing nHA as an osteoconductive filler and a polymeric blend of PLA and PCL as a polymer matrix for prospective usage in the medical field. Cold isostatic pressing and subsequent sintering were used to create composites with different nHA concentrations that ranged from 0 to 30 weight percent. Using physical and mechanical characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and density, porosity, tensile, and flexural standard tests, it was determined how the nHA concentrations affected the biocomposite's general properties. In this study, the presence of PLA, PCL, and nHA was well identified using FTIR, XRD, and SEM methods. The biocomposites with high nHA content showed intense bands for symmetric stretching and the asymmetric bending vibration of PO43-. The incorporation of nHA into the polymeric blend matrix resulted in a rather irregular structure and the crystallization became more difficult. The addition of nHA improved the density and tensile and flexural strength of the PLA/PCL matrix (0% nHA). However, with increasing nHA content, the PLA/PCL/nHA biocomposites became more porous. In addition, the density, flexural strength, and tensile strength of the PLA/PCL/nHA biocomposites decreased with increasing nHA concentration. The PLA/PCL/nHA biocomposites with 10% nHA had the highest mechanical properties with a density of 1.39 g/cm3, a porosity of 1.93%, a flexural strength of 55.35 MPa, and a tensile strength of 30.68 MPa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solechan Solechan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Kampus Kasipah, Semarang 50254, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Agus Suprihanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Susilo Adi Widyanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Joko Triyono
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
| | - Deni Fajar Fitriyana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia
| | - Januar Parlaungan Siregar
- Faculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, Malaysia
| | - Tezara Cionita
- Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|