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Stempkowska A, Gawenda T. Artificial lightweight aggregate made from alternative and waste raw materials, hardened using the hybrid method. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16880. [PMID: 39043793 PMCID: PMC11266619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lightweight aggregates are a material used in many industries. A huge amount of this material is used in construction and architecture. For the most part, lightweight construction aggregates are obtained from natural resources such as clay raw materials that have the ability to swell at high temperatures. Resources of these clays are limited and not available everywhere. Therefore, opportunities are being sought to produce lightweight artificial aggregates that have interesting performance characteristics due to their properties. For example, special preparation techniques can reduce or increase the water absorption of such an aggregate depending on the needs and application. The production of artificial lightweight aggregate using various types of waste materials is environmentally friendly as it reduces the depletion of natural resources. Therefore, this article proposes a method of obtaining artificial lightweight aggregate consolidated using two methods: drum and dynamic granulation. Hardening was achieved using combined methods: sintering and hydration, trying to maintain the highest possible porosity. Waste materials were used, such as dust from construction rubble and residues from the processing of PET bottles, as well as clay from the Bełchatów mine as a raw material accompanying the lignite overburden. High open porosity of the aggregates was achieved, above 30%, low apparent density of 1.23 g/cm3, low leachability of approximately 250 µS. The produced lightweight aggregates could ultimately be used in green roofs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Stempkowska
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Gawenda
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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Akintola GO, Amponsah-Dacosta F, Mhlongo SE, Matsiketa KE. Mechanical evaluation of soil and artisanal bricks for quality masonry product management, Limpopo South Africa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13921. [PMID: 38886501 PMCID: PMC11183125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The selection of raw materials to produce quality artisanal bricks is imperative for sustainable building in rural regions. Artisanal brick-making process often employs traditional kiln to fire brick because it is an affordable, and applicable technology in the rural region. However, there are noticeable cracks, increasing among buildings constructed with artisanal bricks from the rural region in South Africa. In response, this study aims to evaluate the soil and artisanal brick specimens to understand the suitability of the raw materials and quality of products in the study area. A total of twenty soil samples and twenty-seven artisanal burnt bricks were collected from three different artisanal brick-making sites designated as Site A, B, and C. In all samples, the geotechnical tests revealed a sandy loam soil type with a predominance of chlorite clay minerals and non-clay minerals. Furthermore, the sand-size particles depict a relatively higher proportion compared to clay-size particles. Besides, Atterberg's limit test plotted above the A-line of the plasticity chart indicates an inorganic clay of low plasticity with a low to medium compressibility property. Based on the empirical workability and mechanical tests, most of the studied soils are suitable for optimum and acceptable extrusion bricks and suitable for an on-site single-story construction based on SANS 227:2007 standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Oluwole Akintola
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Agriculture, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa.
| | - Francis Amponsah-Dacosta
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Agriculture, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Sphiwe Emmanuel Mhlongo
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Agriculture, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Khensani Eullen Matsiketa
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Agriculture, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa
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Iliyas S, Idris A, Umar IH, Lin H, Muhammad A, Xie L. Experiment and Analysis of Variance for Stabilizing Fine-Grained Soils with Cement and Sawdust Ash as Liner Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2397. [PMID: 38793464 PMCID: PMC11123253 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Due to volume change and low strength, fine-grained soils are problematic in construction. Stabilization with cement and sawdust ash (SDA) by-products can improve engineering properties. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cement and sawdust ash (SDA) in stabilizing fine-grained soils for liner applications. Varying proportions of cement (0-9%) and SDA (0-10%) were added to soil samples (n = 24). Specimens were tested for unconfined compressive strength (UCS), hydraulic conductivity (HC), and volumetric shrinkage strain (VSS). Two-way ANOVA analyzed stabilization effects. Optimal stabilization occurred with 6% cement and 6% SDA, resulting in significant increases in UCS (51 to 375 kN/m2) and decreases in HC (1.7 × 10-8 to 4.7 × 10-10 m/s) and VSS (12.8 to 3.51%) compared to untreated soil. ANOVA indicated that both cement and SDA had statistically significant (p < 0.05) effects on improving all three engineering properties. The addition of 6% cement and 6% SDA significantly improved the expansive soil's strength, hydraulic conductivity, and volume change properties. ANOVA confirmed the quantitative improvements and the significance of both stabilizers. Stabilization using the by-product SDA has the potential to be a sustainable soil improvement method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiq Iliyas
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (S.I.); (I.H.U.)
- Department of Agriculture Engineering, Federal College of Land Resources Technology, Owerri 1518, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Idris
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bayero University, Kano 3011, Nigeria;
| | - Ibrahim Haruna Umar
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (S.I.); (I.H.U.)
| | - Hang Lin
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (S.I.); (I.H.U.)
| | - Ahmad Muhammad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kano State Polytechnic, Kano 3405, Nigeria;
| | - Linglin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring and Supervision in Southern Hilly Region, Ministry of Natural Resources, Changsha 430071, China
- Department of Investigation and Monitoring, The Second Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 430071, China
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Stempkowska A, Gawenda T. Special Issue "Mineral Composite Materials Produced with Waste/Recycled Components"-Editorial Note and Critical Review of the Problems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16113911. [PMID: 37297045 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Modern materials science encompasses a range of interdisciplinary issues and goes beyond the conventional curricula of universities and technical courses [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Stempkowska
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gawenda
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Cracow, Poland
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Ren C, Li K, Wang Y, Li Y, Tong J, Cai J. Preparation and Hydration Mechanisms of Low Carbon Ferrochrome Slag-Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Composite Cementitious Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2385. [PMID: 36984265 PMCID: PMC10054098 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Low carbon ferrochrome slag (LCFS) is the metallurgical waste slag from the carbon ferrochrome alloy smelting process. Compared with high carbon ferrochrome slag, LCFS has great potential as cementitious material; the chemical compositions of the two types of slag are quite different. In this research, composite cementitious materials are prepared which use low carbon ferrochrome slag and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) as the main raw material. Steel slag mud (SSM) and flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) are used as the activator. In order to find the variety rule of compressive strength on the composite cementitious materials, a three-factor three-level Box-Behnken design is used to discuss the following independent variables: LCFS content, GBFS content, and water-binder ratio. Moreover, the hydration characteristics of the LCFS-GBFS composite cementitious materials is studied in this paper in terms of hydration product, micromorphology, and hydration degree, based on multi-technical microstructural characterizations. The results show that the compressive strength of the LCFS-GBFS composite cementitious materials is significantly affected by single factors and the interaction of two factors. The mechanical property of the mortar samples at 3, 7, and 28 days are 26.6, 35.3, and 42.7 MPa, respectively, when the LCFS-GBFS-SSM-FGDG ratio is 3:5:1:1 and the water-binder ratio is 0.3. The hydration products of LCFS-GBFS composite cementitious materials are mainly amorphous gels (C-S-H gel), ettringite, and Ca(OH)2. With the increase of LCFS content, more hydration products are generated, and the microstructure of the cementitious system becomes more compact, which contributes to the compressive strength. The results of this research can provide a preliminary theoretical foundation for the development of LCFS-GBFS composite cementitious materials and promote the feasibility of its application in the construction industry. Deep hydration mechanism analysis and engineering applications should be studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- School of Civil Engineering, Tangshan University, Tangshan 063000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Construction Engineering and Tailings Comprehensive Utilization, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Keqing Li
- School of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Tangshan University, Tangshan 063000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Construction Engineering and Tailings Comprehensive Utilization, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Tangshan University, Tangshan 063000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Construction Engineering and Tailings Comprehensive Utilization, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Jiannan Tong
- School of Civil Engineering, Tangshan University, Tangshan 063000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Construction Engineering and Tailings Comprehensive Utilization, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Jingyao Cai
- School of Civil Engineering, Tangshan University, Tangshan 063000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Construction Engineering and Tailings Comprehensive Utilization, Tangshan 063000, China
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