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Emiliani N, Porcaro R, Pisaneschi G, Bortolani B, Ferretti F, Fontana F, Campana G, Fiorini M, Marcelli E, Cercenelli L. Post-printing processing and aging effects on Polyjet materials intended for the fabrication of advanced surgical simulators. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 156:106598. [PMID: 38815435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Material Jetting (MJ) 3D printing technology is promising for the fabrication of highly realistic surgical simulators, however, the changes in the mechanical properties of MJ materials after post-printing treatments and over time remain quite unknown. In this study, we investigate the effect of different post-printing processes and aging on the mechanical properties of a white opaque and rigid MJ photopolymer, a white flexible MJ photopolymer and on a combination of them. Tensile and Shore hardness tests were conducted on homogeneous 3D-printed specimens: two different post-printing procedures for support removal (dry and water) and further surface treatment (with glycerol solution) were compared. The specimens were tested within 48 h from printing and after aging (30-180 days) in a controlled environment. All groups of specimens treated with different post-printing processes (dry, water, glycerol) exhibited a statistically significant difference in mechanical properties (i.e. elongation at break, elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength). Particularly, the treatment with glycerol makes the flexible photopolymer more rigid, but then with aging the initial elongation of the material tends to be restored. For the rigid photopolymer, an increase in deformability was observed as a major effect of aging. The hardness tests on the printed specimens highlighted a significant overestimation of the Shore values declared by the manufacturer. The study findings are useful for guiding the material selection and post-printing processing techniques to manufacture realistic and durable models for surgical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Emiliani
- eDIMES Lab - Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Porcaro
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gregorio Pisaneschi
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Bortolani
- eDIMES Lab - Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ferretti
- eDIMES Lab - Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Fontana
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Campana
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fiorini
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcelli
- eDIMES Lab - Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Cercenelli
- eDIMES Lab - Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
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Romero MR, Bracamonte AG. Optical Active Meta-Surfaces, -Substrates, and Single Quantum Dots Based on Tuning Organic Composites with Graphene. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3242. [PMID: 38998324 PMCID: PMC11242519 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
In this communication, the design and fabrication of optical active metamaterials were developed by the incorporation of graphene and joining it to different substrates with variable spectroscopical properties. It focuses on how graphene and its derivatives could generate varied optical setups and materials considering modified and enhanced optics within substrates and surfaces. In this manner, it is discussed how light could be tuned and modified along its path from confined nano-patterned surfaces or through a modified micro-lens. In addition to these optical properties generated from the physical interaction of light, it should be added that the non-classical light pathways and quantum phenomena could participate. In this way, graphene and related carbon-based materials with particular properties, such as highly condensed electronics, pseudo-electromagnetic properties, and quantum and luminescent properties, could be incorporated. Therefore, the modified substrates could be switched by photo-stimulation with variable responses depending on the nature of the material constitution. Therefore, the optical properties of graphene and its derivatives are discussed in these types of metasurfaces with targeted optical active properties, such as within the UV, IR, and terahertz wavelength intervals, along with their further properties and respective potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R. Romero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), IPQA−CONICET, Córdoba CP 5000, Argentina;
| | - A. Guillermo Bracamonte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Físicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba CP 5000, Argentina
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Park HJ, Ryu K, Lee HL, Moon YJ, Hwang JY, Moon SJ. Physical Characteristics of Sintered Silver Nanoparticle Inks with Different Sizes during Furnace Sintering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:978. [PMID: 38473451 DOI: 10.3390/ma17050978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The influence of nanoparticle (NP) size on the physical characteristics of sintered silver NP ink was studied using four different types of inks. The Ag NP inks were spin-coated on glass substrates with an average thickness of 300 nm. Each sample was sintered for 30 min, with temperatures from 50 °C to 400 °C by an interval of 50 °C. After sintering, the specific resistance of each case was obtained using the resistance and surface profile measurements. The minimum specific resistance obtained by the experiment was 2.6 μΩ·cm in the case in which 50 nm-sized Ag NP ink was sintered at 350 °C. The transformed surface morphology and grain size of each case were observed using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results of this study can be a reference for future manufacturers in selecting the Ag NP size and the sintering temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Jin Park
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyongtae Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Lak Lee
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jae Moon
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15558, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Hwang
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15558, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Moon
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Ning S, Jiang X, Li B, Shan L, Li H. Research on Mechanical and Shrinkage Characteristics of a Resource-Based Cement Solid-Waste Concrete. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:177. [PMID: 38204030 PMCID: PMC10779839 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Recycling of multi-source solid waste is of great benefit to energy conservation and environmental governance. In this paper, a new type of environmental protection concrete for railway accessory facilities was prepared from silicon-manganese slag, steel slag, fly ash and recycled macadam. Seven kinds of concrete with different mix proportions were designed. Through unconfined compressive strength, splitting, drying shrinkage and temperature shrinkage tests, the multivariate changing trends of steel slag content, cement dosage and age on the anti-interference ability of concrete were investigated. The main mechanisms of the development of mechanical and dry shrinkage properties were revealed by the hydration process of 3SR-60. The results show that 3SR-60 had better mechanical strength under the same cement dosage. The temperature shrinkage strain decreased and then increased with the rise of the proportion of waste residue, increased with the addition of cement dosage and decreased first and then increased with the descent in the temperature. The temperature shrinkage coefficient reached the lowest value at 0-10 °C. The drying shrinkage coefficient decreases with the increase in the proportion of waste residue and increases with the increase in cement dosage. The dry shrinkage strain increased rapidly during the first 8 days and became almost constant after 30 days. Cementation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and ettringite (AFt) developed continuously and filled the internal pores of the structure, interlocking and cementing with each other, which made the microstructure develop from a three-dimensional network to a dense complex, and the macro dimension was reflected in the enhancement of the power to resist external interference. The conclusion of the test summarized that SR-60 had preferable mechanical and shrinkage performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Ning
- China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau Group Northwest Engineering Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750021, China; (X.J.); (B.L.)
- China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau Group, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xidong Jiang
- China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau Group Northwest Engineering Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750021, China; (X.J.); (B.L.)
- China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau Group, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Bin Li
- China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau Group Northwest Engineering Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750021, China; (X.J.); (B.L.)
- China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau Group, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Long Shan
- College of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
| | - Hongbo Li
- College of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
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Majca-Nowak N, Pyrzanowski P. The Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Geometric Accuracy in Specimens Printed in Material Jetting Technology. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3014. [PMID: 37109851 PMCID: PMC10146525 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to analyze polymer materials based on mechanical properties and geometrical parameters, such as the smallest material deviations and the best printing texture after three-dimensional (3D) printing in two methods of Material Jetting technology: PolyJet and MultiJet. This study covers checks for Vero Plus, Rigur, Durus, ABS, and VisiJet M2R-WT materials. Thirty flat specimens were printed both for 0 and 90 raster orientations. Specimen scans were superimposed on the 3D model from CAD software. Each of them was tested, paying attention to the accuracy and the layer thickness effect of printed components. Then, all specimens were subjected to tensile tests. The obtained data-Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio-were compared using statistical methods, focusing on the two most important parameters: the isotropy of the printed material in two directions and the characteristics close to linear. It was found that unitary surface deviation with general dimensional accuracy equal to ±0.1 mm was the common feature of printed models. Some small areas had lower accuracy depending on the material and printer device. Rigur material obtained the highest mechanical properties. Dimensional accuracy in Material Jetting technology as a function of layer parameters such as layer thickness and raster orientation was checked. The materials were checked in terms of relative isotropy and linearity. Additionally, similarities and differences between PolyJet and MultiJet methods were covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Majca-Nowak
- Łukasiewicz Research Network–Institute of Aviation, al. Krakowska 110/114, 02-256 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pyrzanowski
- Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska Str. 24, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland;
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