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Farrag Y, Ait Eldjoudi D, Farrag M, González-Rodríguez M, Ruiz-Fernández C, Cordero A, Varela-García M, Torrijos Pulpón C, Bouza R, Lago F, Pino J, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Gualillo O. Poly(ethylene Glycol) Methyl Ether Methacrylate-Based Injectable Hydrogels: Swelling, Rheological, and In Vitro Biocompatibility Properties with ATDC5 Chondrogenic Lineage. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4635. [PMID: 38139888 PMCID: PMC10747511 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the synthesis of a series of chemical homopolymeric and copolymeric injectable hydrogels based on polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEM) alone or with 2-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEM). The objective of this study was to investigate how the modification of hydrogel components influences the swelling, rheological attributes, and in vitro biocompatibility of the hydrogels. The hydrogels' networks were formed via free radical polymerization, as assured by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). The swelling of the hydrogels directly correlated with the monomer and the catalyst amounts, in addition to the molecular weight of the monomer. Rheological analysis revealed that most of the synthesized hydrogels had viscoelastic and shear-thinning properties. The storage modulus and the viscosity increased by increasing the monomer and the crosslinker fraction but decreased by increasing the catalyst. MTT analysis showed no potential toxicity of the homopolymeric hydrogels, whereas the copolymeric hydrogels were toxic only at high DMEAM concentrations. The crosslinker polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) induced inflammation in ATDC5 cells, as detected by the significant increase in nitric oxide synthase type II activity. The results suggest a range of highly tunable homopolymeric and copolymeric hydrogels as candidates for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousof Farrag
- Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases (NEIRID Group), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (M.F.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (A.C.); (M.V.-G.); (C.T.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Djedjiga Ait Eldjoudi
- Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases (NEIRID Group), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (M.F.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (A.C.); (M.V.-G.); (C.T.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Mariam Farrag
- Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases (NEIRID Group), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (M.F.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (A.C.); (M.V.-G.); (C.T.P.); (O.G.)
| | - María González-Rodríguez
- Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases (NEIRID Group), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (M.F.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (A.C.); (M.V.-G.); (C.T.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Clara Ruiz-Fernández
- Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases (NEIRID Group), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (M.F.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (A.C.); (M.V.-G.); (C.T.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Alfonso Cordero
- Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases (NEIRID Group), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (M.F.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (A.C.); (M.V.-G.); (C.T.P.); (O.G.)
| | - María Varela-García
- Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases (NEIRID Group), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (M.F.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (A.C.); (M.V.-G.); (C.T.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Carlos Torrijos Pulpón
- Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases (NEIRID Group), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (M.F.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (A.C.); (M.V.-G.); (C.T.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Rebeca Bouza
- Grupo de Polímeros, Departamento de Física y Ciencias de la Tierra, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica, Universidade da Coruña, Serantes, Avda. 19 de Febrero s/n, 15471 Ferrol, Spain;
| | - Francisca Lago
- Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Lab, Research Laboratory 7, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Jesus Pino
- Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases (NEIRID Group), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (M.F.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (A.C.); (M.V.-G.); (C.T.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases (NEIRID Group), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (M.F.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (A.C.); (M.V.-G.); (C.T.P.); (O.G.)
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Carrascosa-Tejedor J, Tummino A, Fehér B, Kardos A, Efstratiou M, Skoda MWA, Gutfreund P, Maestro A, Lawrence MJ, Campbell RA, Varga I. Effects of Charge Density on Spread Hyperbranched Polyelectrolyte/Surfactant Films at the Air/Water Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:14869-14879. [PMID: 37839073 PMCID: PMC10601538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial structure and morphology of films spread from hyperbranched polyethylene imine/sodium dodecyl sulfate (PEI/SDS) aggregates at the air/water interface have been resolved for the first time with respect to polyelectrolyte charged density. A recently developed method to form efficient films from the dissociation of aggregates using a minimal quantity of materials is exploited as a step forward in enhancing understanding of the film properties with a view to their future use in technological applications. Interfacial techniques that resolve different time and length scales, namely, ellipsometry, Brewster angle microscopy, and neutron reflectometry, are used. Extended structures of both components are formed under a monolayer of the surfactant with bound polyelectrolytes upon film compression on subphases adjusted to pH 4 or 10, corresponding to high and low charge density of the polyelectrolyte, respectively. A rigid film is related to compact conformation of the PEI in the interfacial structure at pH 4, while it is observed that aggregates remain embedded in mobile films at pH 10. The ability to compact surfactants in the monolayer to the same extent as its maximum coverage in the absence of polyelectrolyte is distinct from the behavior observed for spread films involving linear polyelectrolytes, and intriguingly evidence points to the formation of extended structures over the full range of surface pressures. We conclude that the molecular architecture and charge density can be important parameters in controlling the structures and properties of spread polyelectrolyte/surfactant films, which holds relevance to a range of applications, such as those where PEI is used, including CO2 capture, electronic devices, and gene transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carrascosa-Tejedor
- Division
of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K.
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS20156, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Andrea Tummino
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS20156, Grenoble 38042, France
- CEA
Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, 17 Rue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9 38054, France
| | - Bence Fehér
- Institute
of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd
University, 112, Budapest H-1518, Hungary
| | - Attila Kardos
- Institute
of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd
University, 112, Budapest H-1518, Hungary
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, J. Selye
University, Komárno 945 01, Slovakia
| | - Marina Efstratiou
- Division
of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K.
| | - Maximilian W. A. Skoda
- ISIS
Neutron
and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Philipp Gutfreund
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS20156, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Armando Maestro
- Basque
Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
- Centro
de Fısica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU)—Materials Physics
Center MPC, Paseo Manuel
de Lardizabal 5, San Sebastián E-20018, Spain
| | - M. Jayne Lawrence
- Division
of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K.
| | - Richard A. Campbell
- Division
of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K.
| | - Imre Varga
- Institute
of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd
University, 112, Budapest H-1518, Hungary
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, J. Selye
University, Komárno 945 01, Slovakia
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Vagenas D, Pispas S. Triple Hydrophilic Statistical Terpolymers via RAFT Polymerization: Synthesis and Properties in Aqueous Solutions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112492. [PMID: 37299291 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report the synthesis of novel triple hydrophilic statistical terpolymers consisting of three different methacrylate monomers with varying degrees of responsivity to solution conditions. Terpolymers of the type poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-2-(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate-co-oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate), P(DEGMA-co-DMAEMA-co-OEGMA), and of different compositions, were prepared by using the RAFT methodology. Their molecular characterization was carried out using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and spectroscopic techniques, including 1H-NMR and ATR-FTIR. Studies in dilute aqueous media by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering (DLS and ELS) show their potential responsiveness regarding changes in temperature, pH, and kosmotropic salt concentration. Finally, the change in hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the formed terpolymer nanoparticles during heating and cooling was studied using fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) in conjunction with pyrene giving additional information on the responsiveness and internal structure of the self-assembled nanoaggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Vagenas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
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