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Hou J, Xue B, Ma R, Yu S, Zhu Y, Chen X, Lu J, Wan W. UV-enhanced photorefractive response rate in a thin-film lithium niobate microdisk. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3456-3459. [PMID: 38875644 DOI: 10.1364/ol.527579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The photorefractive (PR) effect plays a critical role in emerging photonic technologies, including dynamic volume holography and on-chip all-optical functionalities. Nevertheless, its slow response rate has posed a significant obstacle to its practical application. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the enhancement of the PR response rate in a high-Q thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) microdisk under UV light irradiation. At an irradiation intensity of 30 mW/cm2, the PR effect achieves a high response bandwidth of approximately 256 kHz. By employing this UV-assisted PR effect, we have achieved rapid laser-cavity locking and self-stabilization, where perturbations are automatically compensated. This technique paves the way toward real-time dynamic holography, editable photonic devices on a lithium niobate platform, and high-speed all-optical information processing.
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Palatnikov M, Sidorov N, Kadetova A, Titov R, Biryukova I, Makarova O, Manukovskaya D, Teplyakova N, Efremov I. Growing, Structure and Optical Properties of LiNbO 3:B Crystals, a Material for Laser Radiation Transformation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:732. [PMID: 36676468 PMCID: PMC9864121 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Physical and chemical properties have been studied in lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) crystals grown by Czochralski from a boron doped melt. Optical uniformity and optical damage resistance of LiNbO3:B crystals have been compared with control crystals of nominally pure congruent (CLN) and near-stoichiometric (NSLN K2O) composition. LiNbO3:B crystals structure has been studied. Studied LiNbO3:B crystals have been grown from differently synthesized charges. The charges have been synthesized from a mixture Nb2O5:B-Li2CO3 using homogeneously doped Nb2O5:B precursor (sample 1, (B) = 0.0034 wt% in the charge) and by a direct solid phase synthesis from Nb2O5-Li2CO3-H3BO3 mixture (sample 2, (B) = 0.0079 wt% in the charge). Only traces of boron (10-5-10-4 wt%) have been detected in the samples. We have established that concentration of anti-site defects NbLi is lower in both LiNbO3:B than in CLN crystals. XRD analysis has confirmed that B3+ cations localize in faces of tetrahedral voids O4 of LN structure. The voids act as buffers at the anion sublattice distortion. Sample 1 has been shown to have a structure closer to NSLN K2O crystal than sample 2. We have also shown that the chemical purity of LN crystal increases compared to the melt purity because boron creates strong compounds with impurities in the melt system Li2O-Nb2O5-B2O3. Metals impurities thus stay in the melt and do not transfer to the crystal.
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Coco MG, McDaniel SA, Cook G. Laser inscribed waveguide optical isolators in iron-doped lithium niobate. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:G139-G143. [PMID: 34613203 DOI: 10.1364/ao.427454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need for optical isolators that do not require a magnetic field, especially for uses such as on-chip optical devices and cold atom physics. As one approach, we propose using waveguides in photorefractive materials, such as Fe:LiNbO3, as optical isolator devices due to their unique asymmetric transmission properties that allow low loss transmission in one crystal orientation and attenuation in the flipped orientation. We utilize ultrafast laser inscription to fabricate photorefractive depressed cladding waveguides in Fe:LiNbO3 along the crystal c axis to demonstrate the operation of Fe:LiNbO3 waveguide optical isolators. We show the ability to write transmission and reflection gratings into these waveguides that provide an isolation ratio of approximately 5000:1 per cm of path length.
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Abstract
X-ray and neutron diffraction studies succeeded in the 1960s to determine the principal structural properties of congruent lithium niobate. However, the nature of the intrinsic defects related to the non-stoichiometry of this material remained an object of controversial discussion. In addition, the incorporation mechanism for dopants in the crystal lattice, showing a solubility range from about 0.1 mol% for rare earths to 9 mol% for some elements (e.g., Ti and Mg), stayed unresolved. Various different models for the formation of these defect structures were developed and required experimental verification. In this paper, we review the outstanding role of nuclear physics based methods in the process of unveiling the kind of intrinsic defects formed in congruent lithium niobate and the rules governing the incorporation of dopants. Complementary results in the isostructural compound lithium tantalate are reviewed for the case of the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition. We focus especially on the use of ion beam analysis under channeling conditions for the direct determination of dopant lattice sites and intrinsic defects and on Perturbed Angular Correlation measurements probing the local environment of dopants in the host lattice yielding independent and complementary information.
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Prasath RK, Ravi Rajan I, Madhupriya G, Ali Meerasha M, Boomadevi S, Pandiyan K. Measurement of the internal electric field in periodically poled congruent lithium niobate crystals by far-field diffraction. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:3791-3796. [PMID: 33983313 DOI: 10.1364/ao.421735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple nondestructive diffraction method is introduced to estimate the internal electric field present in the congruent lithium niobate crystal. Due to the presence of an unrelaxed internal field, the as-poled sample acts as an index grating and diffracts the incident light beam. By analyzing the diffraction patterns, we calculated the refractive index difference ($\Delta n = 1.52 \times {{10}^{- 4}}$) between the poled and the unpoled domains, and the duty cycle error of 7.9%. Using the Pockels effect, the internal field ${E_i}$ present in the periodically poled lithium niobate crystal is estimated to be 2.56 kV/mm.
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Xu Y, Sayem AA, Zou CL, Fan L, Cheng R, Tang HX. Photorefraction-induced Bragg scattering in cryogenic lithium niobate ring resonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:432-435. [PMID: 33449046 DOI: 10.1364/ol.414702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report intracavity Bragg scattering induced by the photorefractive (PR) effect in high-Q lithium niobate ring resonators at cryogenic temperatures. We show that when a cavity mode is strongly excited, the PR effect imprints a long-lived periodic space-charge field. This residual field in turn creates a refractive index modulation pattern that dramatically enhances the back scattering of an incoming probe light, and results in selective and reconfigurable mode splittings. This PR-induced Bragg scattering effect, despite being undesired for many applications, could be utilized to enable optically programmable photonic components.
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Abstract
A review on lithium niobate single crystals and polycrystals has been prepared. Both the classical and recent literature on this topic is revisited. It is composed of two parts with several sections. The current part discusses the available defect models (intrinsic), the trends found in ion-doped crystals and polycrystals (extrinsic defects), the fundamentals on dilute magnetic oxides, and their connection to ferromagnetic behavior in lithium niobate.
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Mondain F, Brunel F, Hua X, Gouzien E, Zavatta A, Lunghi T, Doutre F, De Micheli MP, Tanzilli S, D'Auria V. Photorefractive effect in LiNbO 3-based integrated-optical circuits for continuous variable experiments. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:23176-23188. [PMID: 32752318 DOI: 10.1364/oe.399841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the impact of the photorefractive effect on lithium niobate integrated quantum photonic circuits dedicated to continuous variable on-chip experiments. The circuit main building blocks, i.e. cavities, directional couplers, and periodically poled nonlinear waveguides, are studied. This work demonstrates that photorefractivity, even when its effect is weaker than spatial mode hopping, might compromise the success of on-chip quantum photonics experiments. We describe in detail the characterization methods leading to the identification of this possible issue. We also study to which extent device heating represents a viable solution to counter this effect. We focus on photorefractive effect induced by light at 775 nm, in the context of the generation of non-classical light at 1550 nm telecom wavelength.
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Computer Simulation of the Incorporation of V2+, V3+, V4+, V5+ and Mo3+, Mo4+, Mo5+, Mo6+ Dopants in LiNbO3. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10060457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The doping of LiNbO3 with V2+, V3+, V4+ and V5+ as well as Mo3+, Mo4+, Mo5+ and Mo6+ ions is of interest in enhancing its photorefractive properties. In this paper, possible incorporation mechanisms for these ions in LiNbO3 are modelled, using a new set of interaction potentials fitted to the oxides VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5 and to LiMoO2, Li2MoO3, LiMoO3, Li2MoO4.
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Ren M, Cai W, Xu J. Tailorable Dynamics in Nonlinear Optical Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1806317. [PMID: 31215095 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlling light with light is essential for all-optical switching, data processing in optical communications and computing. Until now, all-optical control of light has relied almost exclusively on nonlinear optical interactions in materials. Achieving giant nonlinearities under low light intensity is essential for weak-light nonlinear optics. In the past decades, such weak-light nonlinear phenomena have been demonstrated in photorefractive and photochromic materials. However, their bulky size and slow speed have hindered practical applications. Metasurfaces, which enhance light-matter interactions at the nanoscale, provide a new framework with tailorable nonlinearities for weak-light nonlinear dynamics. Current advances in nonlinear metasurfaces are introduced, with a special emphasis on all-optical light controls. The tuning of the nonlinearity values using metasurfaces, including enhancement and sign reversal is presented. The tailoring of the transient behaviors of nonlinearities in metasurfaces to achieve femtosecond switching speed is also discussed. Furthermore, the impact of quantum effects from the metasurface on the nonlinearities is introduced. Finally, an outlook on the future development of this energetic field is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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Kong T, Liu H, Xue L, Wang W, Saeed S, Zheng D, Liu S, Chen S, Zhang L, Kong Y, Xu J. Linear Tuning of Phase-Matching Temperature in LiNbO 3:Zr Crystals by MgO Co-Doping. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:ma12244155. [PMID: 31835738 PMCID: PMC6947349 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We grew a series of co-doped LiNbO3 crystals with fixed 1.5 mol % ZrO2 and various MgO concentrations (1.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 mol %), and investigated their optical properties and defect structures. By 3.0 mol % MgO co-doping, the optical damage resistance at 532 nm reached 6.5 × 106 W/cm2, while the phase-matching temperature for doubling 1064 nm was only 29.3 °C-close to room temperature-which was conducive to realizing the 90° phase matching at room temperature by slightly modulating the incident angle of the fundamental beam. Notably, we found that the phase-matching temperature increased linearly with the increase of MgO doping, and this linear dependence helped us to grow the high-quality crystal for room temperature 90° phase matching. Moreover, the defect analysis indicated that the linear tuning of phase-matching temperature might be attributed to Mg Li + + Zr Nb - neutral pairs in crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Kong
- School of Sciences, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Hongde Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.X.); (W.W.); (S.S.); (D.Z.); (S.L.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Liyun Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.X.); (W.W.); (S.S.); (D.Z.); (S.L.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Weiwei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.X.); (W.W.); (S.S.); (D.Z.); (S.L.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Shahzad Saeed
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.X.); (W.W.); (S.S.); (D.Z.); (S.L.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Dahuai Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.X.); (W.W.); (S.S.); (D.Z.); (S.L.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Shiguo Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.X.); (W.W.); (S.S.); (D.Z.); (S.L.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Shaolin Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.X.); (W.W.); (S.S.); (D.Z.); (S.L.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Ling Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.X.); (W.W.); (S.S.); (D.Z.); (S.L.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Yongfa Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.X.); (W.W.); (S.S.); (D.Z.); (S.L.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Jingjun Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.X.); (W.W.); (S.S.); (D.Z.); (S.L.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
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Saeed S, Liu H, Xue L, Zheng D, Liu S, Chen S, Kong Y, Rupp R, Xu J. Enhancement of Photorefraction in Vanadium-Doped Lithium Niobate through Iron and Zirconium Co-Doping. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3143. [PMID: 31561492 PMCID: PMC6804108 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of mono-, double-, and tri-doped LiNbO3 crystals with vanadium were grown by Czochralski method, and their photorefractive properties were investigated. The response time for 0.1 mol% vanadium, 4.0 mol% zirconium, and 0.03 wt.% iron co-doped lithium niobate crystal at 488 nm was shortened to 0.53 s, which is three orders of magnitude shorter than the mono-iron-doped lithium niobate, with a maintained high diffraction efficiency of 57% and an excellent sensitivity of 9.2 cm/J. The Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and OH- absorption spectra were studied for all crystals tested. The defect structure is discussed, and a defect energy level diagram is proposed. The results show that vanadium, zirconium, and iron co-doped lithium niobate crystals with fast response and a moderately large diffraction efficiency can become another good candidate material for 3D-holographic storage and dynamic holography applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Saeed
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hongde Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Liyun Xue
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Dahuai Zheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shiguo Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shaolin Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yongfa Kong
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Romano Rupp
- Faculty of Physics, Vienna University, A-1090 Wien, Austria.
- Department of Complex Matter, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Kokanyan N, Bazzan M, Vittadello L, Chapron D, Kokanyan E, Fontana MD. Time evolution of Symmetry-forbidden Raman lines activated by photorefractivity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13408. [PMID: 31527741 PMCID: PMC6746818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission Raman spectroscopy experiments were performed on iron doped congruent lithium niobate within two -in principle equivalent- configurations, namely Y(ZX)Y and Y(XZ)Y. While the former respects the Raman selection rules, the other configuration gives a time dependent spectrum that, after a transient time of several minutes, finally results in a mixture of expected and forbidden modes. This breaking of Raman selection rules is caused by the spontaneous conversion of a part of the ordinarily polarized pump beam into an extraordinarily polarized beam by photorefractive anisotropic self-scattering. A numerical modelling of the phenomenon is developed and fairly reproduces the time dependence of conversion energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninel Kokanyan
- CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes, 2 rue E. Belin, 57070, Metz, France.
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes, 2 rue E. Belin, 57070, Metz, France.
| | - Marco Bazzan
- Universita di Padova, Physics and Astronomy Department, Via Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Vittadello
- Universita di Padova, Physics and Astronomy Department, Via Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - David Chapron
- CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes, 2 rue E. Belin, 57070, Metz, France
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes, 2 rue E. Belin, 57070, Metz, France
| | - Edvard Kokanyan
- Armenian State Pedagogical University after Kh. Abovyan, 17 Tigran Mets Ave., Yerevan, Armenia
- Institute for Physical Research, National Academy of Science of Armenia, Ashtarak-2, 0203, Armenia
| | - Marc D Fontana
- CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes, 2 rue E. Belin, 57070, Metz, France
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes, 2 rue E. Belin, 57070, Metz, France
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15
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Li L, Li Y, Zhao X. Doping stability of nonphotorefractive ions in stoichiometric and congruent LiNbO3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:17477-17486. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The doping stability of various nonphotorefractive ions including Mg, Zn, In, Sc, Sn, Hf, and Zr in stoichiometric, congruent, and Fe-doped LiNbO3 has been investigated by hybrid density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- State Key Lab of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Yanlu Li
- State Key Lab of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Xian Zhao
- State Key Lab of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
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16
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Improvement in the Photorefractive Response Speed and Mechanism of Pure Congruent Lithium Niobate Crystals by Increasing the Polarization Current. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7120368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Jiang H, Luo R, Liang H, Chen X, Chen Y, Lin Q. Fast response of photorefraction in lithium niobate microresonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:3267-3270. [PMID: 28957080 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed characterization of photorefraction in on-chip high-Q lithium niobate (LN) microresonators. We show that the photorefractive effect in these devices exhibits very distinctive temporal relaxation dynamics compared with those in bulk crystals and in mm-sized LN resonators. The relaxation of photorefraction is dominated by a fast time response with a time constant as small as 20.85 ms that is more than three-orders of magnitude faster than those observed in macroscopic devices. The observed fast response of photorefraction is of great potential as a convenient and energy-efficient approach for on-chip all-optical functionalities.
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Asuncion AJ, Guerrero RA. Generating superimposed Bessel beams with a volume holographic axicon. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:4206-4212. [PMID: 29047557 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.004206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quasi-Bessel beams (QBB) with different profiles are generated with an axicon-telescope system. Beam profiles are found to vary with different axicon-telescope distance δ. QBBs are stored as volume holograms in a photorefractive crystal. Reconstructions of the QBBs are focused by the recording axicon to produce superimposed Bessel beams (SBBs) with oscillating cores. SBBs formed through this method have different oscillation periods that range from 4.3 to 6.1 cm. We demonstrate that periodicity is dependent on δ. Our method allows tunability of the SBB period through a simple rearrangement of optical elements.
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Li YY, Chen HL, Chen GJ, Kuo CL, Hsieh PH, Hwang WS. Investigation of the Defect Structure of Congruent and Fe-Doped LiNbO₃ Powders Synthesized by the Combustion Method. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10040380. [PMID: 28772740 PMCID: PMC5506989 DOI: 10.3390/ma10040380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fe-doped LiNbO3 synthesized by the combustion method to seek new multiferroic materials exhibits room-temperature ferromagnetism, as reported in our previous work. In this work, the defect structure of congruent and Fe-doped LiNbO3 (0.57–3.3 mol %) powders was investigated in detail by several methods. The molar ratio of [Li]/([Li]+[Nb]) was determined by the Curie temperature (Tc) via DSC. Two peaks of Tc were observed due to phase splitting, and the phase at lower Tc disappears as the Fe doping concentration increases. The coexistence of two different oxidation states of Fe ions in LiNbO3 was probed by XPS and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The Raman spectra exhibit displacements along the c axis of Li and Nb ions, and a deformation of the NbO6 framework owing to Fe doping. Several doping models were applied in the Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction collected by synchrotron radiation. The fitting by the Nb vacancy model leads to an improbably distorted structure of congruent LiNbO3. In Fe-doped LiNbO3, we conjecture that Li and Nb vacancies coexist in the lattice structure; Fe+2/Fe+3 ions are substituted for Li ions at the regular Li site and may push the anti-site NbLi ion back to the regular Nb site.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Yun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Long Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kao Yuan University, No. 1821, Jhongshan Road, Lujhu District, Kaohsiung 82151, Taiwan.
| | - Guo-Ju Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, No.1, Sec. 1, Syuecheng Road, Dashu District, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Liang Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Hung Hsieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Weng-Sing Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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20
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Control of Intrinsic Defects in Lithium Niobate Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Zheng D, Kong Y, Liu S, Chen M, Chen S, Zhang L, Rupp R, Xu J. The simultaneous enhancement of photorefraction and optical damage resistance in MgO and Bi2O3 co-doped LiNbO3 crystals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20308. [PMID: 26837261 PMCID: PMC4738261 DOI: 10.1038/srep20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time that optical damage was renamed as photorefraction, here we find that the optical damage resistance and photorefraction can be simultaneously enhanced in MgO and Bi2O3 co-doped LiNbO3 (LN:Bi,Mg). The photorefractive response time of LN:Bi,Mg was shortened to 170 ms while the photorefractive sensitivity reached up to 21 cm(2)/J. Meanwhile, LN:Bi,Mg crystals could withstand a light intensity higher than 10(6) W/cm(2) without apparent optical damage. Our experimental results indicate that photorefraction doesn't equal to optical damage. The underground mechanism was analyzed and attributed to that diffusion dominates the transport process of charge carriers, that is to say photorefraction causes only slight optical damage under diffusion mechanism, which is very important for the practical applications of photorefractive crystals, such as in holographic storage, integrated optics and 3D display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahuai Zheng
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yongfa Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China.,R&D Center, Taishan Sports Industry Group, Leling 253600, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Muling Chen
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Romano Rupp
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China.,Vienna University, Faculty of Physics, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Jingjun Xu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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22
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Kang X, Liang L, Song W, Wang F, Sang Y, Liu H. Formation mechanism and elimination methods for anti-site defects in LiNbO3/LiTaO3 crystals. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce01306f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kang et al. summarized the mechanism of formation of anti-site defects in LiNbO3/LiTaO3 crystals and the measures for growth of anti-site defect free LiNbO3/LiTaO3 crystals to give the readers an overview in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan, China
| | - Longyue Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan, China
| | - Wei Song
- CETC Deqing Huaying Electronics Co., Ltd
- Huzhou, China
| | - Fulei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan, China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan, China
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23
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Diaz-Moreno CA, Farias-Mancilla R, Elizalde-Galindo JT, González-Hernández J, Hurtado-Macias A, Bahena D, José-Yacamán M, Ramos M. Structural Aspects LiNbO₃ Nanoparticles and Their Ferromagnetic Properties. MATERIALS 2014; 7:7217-7225. [PMID: 28788242 PMCID: PMC5512631 DOI: 10.3390/ma7117217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a solid-state synthesis of ferromagnetic lithium niobate nanoparticles (LiNbO3) and their corresponding structural aspects. In order to investigate the effect of heat treatments, two batches of samples with a heat-treated (HT) and non-heat-treated (nHT) reduction at 650 °C in 5% of hydrogen/argon were considered to investigate the multiferroic properties and their corresponding structural aspects; using magnetometry and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Results indicate the existence of ferromagnetic domains with a magnetic moment per unit cell of 5.24 × 10−3 μB; caused mainly due to voids and defects on the nanoparticle surface, as confirmed by STEM measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Diaz-Moreno
- Materials Research and Technology Institute, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W, University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
| | - Rurik Farias-Mancilla
- Departamento de Física y Matemáticas, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Cd. Juárez, Avenida del Charro #450 N. Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua, C.P. 32310, Mexico.
| | - Jose T Elizalde-Galindo
- Departamento de Física y Matemáticas, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Cd. Juárez, Avenida del Charro #450 N. Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua, C.P. 32310, Mexico.
| | - Jesus González-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C., Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Apdo. Postal 31109, Mexico.
| | - Abel Hurtado-Macias
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C., Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Apdo. Postal 31109, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Bahena
- Kleberg Advanced Microscopy Center, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Miguel José-Yacamán
- Kleberg Advanced Microscopy Center, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Manuel Ramos
- Departamento de Física y Matemáticas, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Cd. Juárez, Avenida del Charro #450 N. Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua, C.P. 32310, Mexico.
- Materials Research and Technology Institute, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W, University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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24
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Kovács L, Szaller Z, Lengyel K, Péter Á, Hajdara I, Mandula G, Pálfalvi L, Hebling J. Photorefractive damage resistance threshold in stoichiometric LiNbO₃:Zr crystals. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:2861-2864. [PMID: 23903164 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.002861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Several optical methods including ultraviolet absorption, infrared absorption of the hydroxyl ions, Raman spectroscopy, and the Z-scan method have been used to determine the damage resistance threshold in 0-0.72 mol. % Zr-containing, flux-grown, nearly stoichiometric LiNbO₃ single crystals. All spectroscopical methods used indicate that samples containing at least ≈0.085 mol. % Zr in the crystal are above the threshold while Z-scan data locate the photorefractive damage threshold between 0.085 and 0.314 mol. % Zr.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Kovács
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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