1
|
Fink K, Gasper P, Major J, Brow R, Schulze MC, Colclasure AM, Keyser MA. Optimized purification methods for metallic contaminant removal from directly recycled Li-ion battery cathodes. Front Chem 2023; 11:1094198. [PMID: 36846856 PMCID: PMC9946041 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1094198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallic contaminants pose a significant challenge to the viability of directly recycling Li-ion batteries. To date, few strategies exist to selectively remove metallic impurities from mixtures of shredded end-of-life material (black mass; BM) without concurrently damaging the structure and electrochemical performance of the target active material. We herein present tailored methods to selectively ionize two major contaminants-Al and Cu-while retaining a representative cathode (LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2; NMC-111) intact. This BM purification process is conducted at moderate temperatures in a KOH-based solution matrix. We rationally evaluate approaches to increase both the kinetic corrosion rate and the thermodynamic solubility of Al0 and Cu0, and evaluate the impact of these treatment conditions on the structure, chemistry, and electrochemical performance of NMC. Specifically, we explore the impacts of chloride-based salts, a strong chelating agent, elevated temperature, and sonication on the rate and extent of contaminant corrosion, while concurrently evaluating the effects on NMC. The reported BM purification process is then demonstrated on samples of "simulated BM" containing a practically relevant 1 wt% concentration of Al or Cu. Increasing the kinetic energy of the purifying solution matrix through elevated temperature and sonication accelerates the corrosion of metallic Al and Cu, such that ∼100% corrosion of 75 μm Al and Cu particles is achieved within 2.5 hr. Further, we determine that effective mass transport of ionized species critically impacts the efficacy of Cu corrosion, and that saturated Cl- hinders rather than accelerates Cu corrosion by increasing solution viscosity and introducing competitive pathways for Cu surface passivation. The purification conditions do not induce bulk structural damage to NMC, and electrochemical capacity is maintained in half-cell format. Testing in full cells suggests that a limited quantity of residual surface species are present after treatment, which initially disrupt electrochemical behavior at the graphite anode but are subsequently consumed. Process demonstration on simulated BM suggests that contaminated samples-which prior to treatment show catastrophic electrochemical performance-can be recovered to pristine electrochemical capacity. The reported BM purification method offers a compelling and commercially viable solution to address contamination, particularly in the "fine" fraction of BM where contaminant sizes are on the same order of magnitude as NMC and where traditional separation approaches are unfeasible. Thus, this optimized BM purification technique offers a pathway towards viable direct recycling of BM feedstocks that would otherwise be unusable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Gasper
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Joshua Major
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Ryan Brow
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Maxwell C. Schulze
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Andrew M. Colclasure
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Matthew A. Keyser
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, Golden, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ashraf Ismail N, Moussa AM, Kahraman R, Shakoor R. Study on the corrosion behavior of polymeric nanocomposite coatings containing halloysite nanotubes loaded with multicomponent inhibitor. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
3
|
Torabian MM, Jafari M, Bazargan A. Discharge of lithium-ion batteries in salt solutions for safer storage, transport, and resource recovery. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:402-409. [PMID: 34060962 PMCID: PMC8915232 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x211022658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has grown in recent years, making them a promising source of secondary raw materials due to their rich composition of valuable materials, such as Cobalt and Nickel. Recycling LIBs can help reduce fossil energy consumption, CO2 emissions, environmental pollution, and consumption of valuable materials with limited supplies. On the other hand, the hazards associated with spent LIBs recycling are mainly due to fires and explosions caused by unwanted short-circuiting. The high voltage and reactive components of end-of-life LIBs pose safety hazards during mechanical processing and crushing stages, as well as during storage and transportation. Electrochemical discharge using salt solutions is a simple, quick, and inexpensive way to eliminate such hazards. In this paper, three different salts (NaCl, Na2S, and MgSO4) from 12% to 20% concentration are investigated as possible candidates. The effectiveness of discharge was shown to be a function of molarity rather than ionic strength of the solution. Experiments also showed that the use of ultrasonic waves can dramatically improve the discharge process and reduce the required time more than 10-fold. This means that the drainage time was reduced from nearly 1 day to under 100 minutes. Finally, a practical setup in which the tips of the batteries are directly immersed inside the salt solution is proposed. This creative configuration can fully discharge the batteries in less than 5 minutes. Due to the fast discharge rates in this configuration, sedimentation and corrosion are also almost entirely avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Milad Jafari
- Civil Engineering Department, K N Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bazargan
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Alireza Bazargan, School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Enghelab, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kılınççeker G, Çelik S, Zarifi F, Sayın K. Experimental and computational investigation of variamine blue as an inhibitor for copper in chloride solution. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2020.1845194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Güray Kılınççeker
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sema Çelik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Farhad Zarifi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Koray Sayın
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gateman SM, Gharbi O, Turmine M, Vivier V. Measuring changes in wettability and surface area during micro droplet corrosion measurements. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
6
|
Ros C, Murcia-López S, Garcia X, Rosado M, Arbiol J, Llorca J, Morante JR. Facing Seawater Splitting Challenges by Regeneration with Ni-Mo-Fe Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2872-2881. [PMID: 33826792 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen, produced by water splitting, has been proposed as one of the main green energy vectors of the future if produced from renewable energy sources. However, to substitute fossil fuels, large amounts of pure water are necessary, scarce in many world regions. In this work, we fabricate efficient and earth-abundant electrodes, study the challenges of using real seawater, and propose an electrode regeneration method to face undesired salt deposition. Ni-Mo-Fe trimetallic electrocatalyst is deposited on non-expensive graphitic carbon felts both for hydrogen (HER) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER) in seawater and alkaline seawater. Cl- pitting and the chlorine oxidation reaction are suppressed on these substrates and alkalinized electrolyte. Precipitations on the electrodes, mainly CaCO3 , originating from seawater-dissolved components have been studied, and a simple regeneration technique is proposed to rapidly dissolve undesired deposited CaCO3 in acidified seawater. Under alkaline conditions, Ni-Mo-Fe-based catalyst is found to reconfigure, under cathodic bias, into Ni-Mo-Fe alloy with a cubic crystalline structure and Ni : Fe(OH)2 redeposits whereas, under anodic bias, it is transformed into a follicular Ni:FeOOH structure. High productivities over 300 mA cm-2 and voltages down to 1.59 V@10 mA cm-2 for the overall water splitting reaction have been shown, and electrodes are found stable for over 24 h without decay in alkaline seawater conditions and with energy efficiency higher than 61.5 % which makes seawater splitting promising and economically feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Ros
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Murcia-López
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xenia Garcia
- Institute of Energy Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Rosado
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Llorca
- Institute of Energy Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan R Morante
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schwarz K, Groenenboom MC, Moffat TP, Sundararaman R, Vinson J. Resolving the Geometry/Charge Puzzle of the c(2 × 2)-Cl Cu(100) Electrode. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:440-446. [PMID: 33356303 PMCID: PMC8237333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potential-induced changes in charge and surface structure are significant drivers of the reactivity of electrochemical interfaces but are frequently difficult to decouple from the effects of surface solvation. Here, we consider the Cu(100) surface with a c(2 × 2)-Cl adlayer, a model surface with multiple geometry measurements under both ultrahigh vacuum and electrochemical conditions. Under aqueous electrochemical conditions, the measured Cu-Cl interplanar separation (dCu-Cl) increases by at least 0.3 Å relative to that under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. This large geometry change is unexpected for a hydrophobic surface, and it requires invoking a negative charge on the Cl-covered surface which is much greater than expected from the work function and our capacitance measurements. To resolve this inconsistency we employ ab initio calculations and find that the Cu-Cl separation increases with charging at a rate of 0.7 Å/e- per Cl atom. The larger Cu-Cl bond distance increases the surface dipole and, therefore, the work function of the interface, contributing to the negative charge under fixed potential electrochemical conditions. Interactions with water are not needed to explain either the large charge or large Cu-Cl interplanar spacing of this surface under electrochemical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Schwarz
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Mitchell C Groenenboom
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Thomas P Moffat
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Ravishankar Sundararaman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - John Vinson
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Langley AR, Fletcher PJ, Dawes JH, Marken F. Effects of dissolved gases on partial anodic passivation phenomena at copper microelectrodes immersed in aqueous NaCl. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Imaging electrochemically synthesized Cu 2O cubes and their morphological evolution under conditions relevant to CO 2 electroreduction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3489. [PMID: 32661223 PMCID: PMC7359295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is a widely studied catalyst material for the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to valuable hydrocarbons. In particular, copper-based nanostructures expressing predominantly {100} facets have shown high selectivity toward ethylene formation, a desired reaction product. However, the stability of such tailored nanostructures under reaction conditions remains poorly understood. Here, using liquid cell transmission electron microscopy, we show the formation of cubic copper oxide particles from copper sulfate solutions during direct electrochemical synthesis and their subsequent morphological evolution in a carbon dioxide-saturated 0.1 M potassium bicarbonate solution under a reductive potential. Shape-selected synthesis of copper oxide cubes was achieved through: (1) the addition of chloride ions and (2) alternating the potentials within a narrow window where the deposited non-cubic particles dissolve, but cubic ones do not. Our results indicate that copper oxide cubes change their morphology rapidly under carbon dioxide electroreduction-relevant conditions, leading to an extensive re-structuring of the working electrode surface. Catalytic selectivity during carbon dioxide electroreduction can be tuned by using geometric copper-based catalysts. Here, the authors use liquid cell transmission electron microscopy to study the in situ synthesis and morphological evolution Cu2O cubes under carbon dioxide electroreduction conditions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cruz MJ, Makarova IV, Kharitonov DS, Dobryden I, Chernik AA, Grageda M, Ushak S. Corrosion properties of nickel coatings obtained from aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Judith Cruz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing and Center for Advanced Study on Lithium and Industrial Minerals (CELiMIN)Universidad de Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile
| | - Irina V. Makarova
- Department of Chemistry, Technology of Electrochemical Production and Electronic Engineering MaterialsBelarusian State Technological University Minsk Republic of Belarus
- Department of Separation and Purification, School of Engineering ScienceLappeenranta University of Technology Lappeenranta Finland
| | - Dmitry S. Kharitonov
- Department of Chemistry, Technology of Electrochemical Production and Electronic Engineering MaterialsBelarusian State Technological University Minsk Republic of Belarus
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry of Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland
| | - Illia Dobryden
- Surface and Corrosion Science Division, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH)KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Alexander A. Chernik
- Department of Chemistry, Technology of Electrochemical Production and Electronic Engineering MaterialsBelarusian State Technological University Minsk Republic of Belarus
| | - Mario Grageda
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing and Center for Advanced Study on Lithium and Industrial Minerals (CELiMIN)Universidad de Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile
| | - Svetlana Ushak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing and Center for Advanced Study on Lithium and Industrial Minerals (CELiMIN)Universidad de Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arkhipushkin IA, Agafonkina MO, Kazansky LP, Kuznetsov YI, Shikhaliev KS. Characterization of adsorption of 5-carboxy-3-amino-1,2,4-triazole towards copper corrosion prevention in neutral media. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
12
|
Influence of chlorides and phosphates on the antiadhesive, antibacterial, and electrochemical properties of an electroplated copper-silver alloy. Biointerphases 2019; 14:021005. [PMID: 30966754 DOI: 10.1116/1.5088936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial surfaces such as copper alloys can reduce the spread of pathogenic microorganisms, e.g., in healthcare settings; however, the surface chemistry and thus the antibacterial activity are influenced by environmental parameters such as cleaning and disinfection procedures. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to assess how copper-complexing compounds (chlorides and phosphates), common to the clinical environment, can affect the surface chemistry and the antiadhesive and antibacterial properties of a newly developed antibacterial copper-silver alloy and the single alloying metals. The authors demonstrated that the antiadhesion efficacy against S. aureus 8325 was the highest when the copper-silver alloy and copper surfaces (four- and two-log bacterial reduction compared to stainless steel controls, respectively) were exposed to chloride-containing suspensions. This was explained by the electrochemical activity of copper that dissolved as Cu+, highly toxic to the bacterial cells, in the presence of Cl- and eventually formed a chlorine- and oxygen-rich layer with the incorporation of phosphorus, if also phosphates were present. If chlorides were omitted from the wet environment, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in bacterial counts on copper-silver alloy, copper, silver, and AISI 316 stainless steel control surfaces, due to the fact that no oxidizing conditions were established and therefore there was no dissolution of copper ions from copper-silver alloy and copper surfaces. However, under dry conditions, copper-silver alloy and pure copper surfaces were antibacterial also in the absence of chlorides, suggesting a marked difference between dry and wet conditions in terms of the interactions between surfaces and bacteria. The authors conclude that an attentive design of control policies integrating disinfection interventions and antimicrobial surfaces, such as the copper-silver alloy coating, can be a beneficial solution in fighting the spread of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains and potentially reducing the number of disease outbreaks.
Collapse
|
13
|
Corrosion and Leaching Behaviours of Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni Lead-Free Solder in 3.5 wt.% NaCl Solution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CORROSION 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/6580750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corrosion and leaching behaviour of a new ternary Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni alloy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution is reported herein. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements show that Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni has the highest corrosion rate. Results of the 30-day Sn leaching measurement show that Sn-Cu-Ni joint has slight decrease attributed to the formation of thin passivation film after 15 days. The leaching amounts of Sn are observed to be higher in solder joint than in solder alloy due to the galvanic corrosion happening on the surface. EDS and XRD results of the corroded surface confirm that the corroded product is made up of oxides of tin.
Collapse
|
14
|
Electrochemical behaviour of uncoated and phosphatidylcholine coated copper in hydrochloric acid medium. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
15
|
Langley AR, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Dawes JH, Murphy E, Marken F. Linking the Cu(II/I) potential to the onset of dynamic phenomena at corroding copper microelectrodes immersed in aqueous 0.5 M NaCl. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Inhibition of Brass (80/20) by 5-Mercaptopentyl-3-Amino-1,2,4-Triazole in Neutral Solutions. METALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/met7110488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
Vargas IT, Fischer DA, Alsina MA, Pavissich JP, Pastén PA, Pizarro GE. Copper Corrosion and Biocorrosion Events in Premise Plumbing. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10091036. [PMID: 28872628 PMCID: PMC5615691 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Corrosion of copper pipes may release high amounts of copper into the water, exceeding the maximum concentration of copper for drinking water standards. Typically, the events with the highest release of copper into drinking water are related to the presence of biofilms. This article reviews this phenomenon, focusing on copper ingestion and its health impacts, the physicochemical mechanisms and the microbial involvement on copper release, the techniques used to describe and understand this phenomenon, and the hydrodynamic effects. A conceptual model is proposed and the mathematical models are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio T Vargas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile.
- CEDEUS, Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, Santiago 7820436, Chile.
| | - Diego A Fischer
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile.
| | - Marco A Alsina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile.
| | - Juan P Pavissich
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago 7941169, Chile.
| | - Pablo A Pastén
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile.
- CEDEUS, Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, Santiago 7820436, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo E Pizarro
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile.
- CEDEUS, Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, Santiago 7820436, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vilaró I, Yagüe JL, Borrós S. Superhydrophobic Copper Surfaces with Anticorrosion Properties Fabricated by Solventless CVD Methods. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:1057-1065. [PMID: 27977129 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to continuous miniaturization and increasing number of electrical components in electronics, copper interconnections have become critical for the design of 3D integrated circuits. However, corrosion attack on the copper metal can affect the electronic performance of the material. Superhydrophobic coatings are a commonly used strategy to prevent this undesired effect. In this work, a solventless two-steps process was developed to fabricate superhydrophobic copper surfaces using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods. The superhydrophobic state was achieved through the design of a hierarchical structure, combining micro-/nanoscale domains. In the first step, O2- and Ar-plasma etchings were performed on the copper substrate to generate microroughness. Afterward, a conformal copolymer, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate-ethylene glycol diacrylate [p(PFDA-co-EGDA)], was deposited on top of the metal via initiated CVD (iCVD) to lower the surface energy of the surface. The copolymer topography exhibited a very characteristic and unique nanoworm-like structure. The combination of the nanofeatures of the polymer with the microroughness of the copper led to achievement of the superhydrophobic state. AFM, SEM, and XPS were used to characterize the evolution in topography and chemical composition during the CVD processes. The modified copper showed water contact angles as high as 163° and hysteresis as low as 1°. The coating withstood exposure to aggressive media for extended periods of time. Tafel analysis was used to compare the corrosion rates between bare and modified copper. Results indicated that iCVD-coated copper corrodes 3 orders of magnitude slower than untreated copper. The surface modification process yielded repeatable and robust superhydrophobic coatings with remarkable anticorrosion properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Vilaró
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), IQS-School of Engineering, Ramon Llull University , Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose L Yagüe
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), IQS-School of Engineering, Ramon Llull University , Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), IQS-School of Engineering, Ramon Llull University , Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
On the corrosion behavior of Al2Cu by local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using droplet cell microscopy. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Accelerated Degradation Test and Predictive Failure Analysis of B10 Copper-Nickel Alloy under Marine Environmental Conditions. MATERIALS 2015; 8:6029-6042. [PMID: 28793549 PMCID: PMC5512897 DOI: 10.3390/ma8095290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper studies the corrosion behavior of B10 copper-nickel alloy in marine environment. Accelerated degradation test under marine environmental conditions was designed and performed based on the accelerated testing principle and the corrosion degradation mechanism. With the prolongation of marine corrosion time, the thickness of Cu2O film increased gradually. Its corrosion product was Cu2(OH)3Cl, which increased in quantity over time. Cl− was the major factor responsible for the marine corrosion of copper and copper alloy. Through the nonlinear fitting of corrosion rate and corrosion quantity (corrosion weight loss), degradation data of different corrosion cycles, the quantitative effects of two major factors, i.e., dissolved oxygen (DO) and corrosion medium temperature, on corrosion behavior of copper alloy were analyzed. The corrosion failure prediction models under different ambient conditions were built. One-day corrosion weight loss under oxygenated stirring conditions was equivalent to 1.31-day weight loss under stationary conditions, and the corrosion rate under oxygenated conditions was 1.31 times higher than that under stationary conditions. In addition, corrosion medium temperature had a significant effect on the corrosion of B10 copper sheet.
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
A study of copper corrosion inhibition by self-assembled films of 3-mercapto-1H-1,2,4-triazole. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
24
|
Huh JH, Kim SH, Chu JH, Kim SY, Kim JH, Kwon SY. Enhancement of seawater corrosion resistance in copper using acetone-derived graphene coating. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:4379-4386. [PMID: 24632835 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05997a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show that acetone-derived graphene coating can effectively enhance the corrosion efficiency of copper (Cu) in a seawater environment (0.5-0.6 M (∼3.0-3.5%) sodium chloride). By applying a drop of acetone (∼20 μl cm(-2)) on Cu surfaces, rapid thermal annealing allows the facile and rapid synthesis of graphene films on Cu surfaces with a monolayer coverage of almost close to ∼100%. Under optimal growth conditions, acetone-derived graphene is found to have a relatively high crystallinity, comparable to common graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. The resulting graphene-coated Cu surface exhibits 37.5 times higher corrosion resistance as compared to that of mechanically polished Cu. Further, investigation on the role of graphene coating on Cu surfaces suggests that the outstanding corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE) of 97.4% is obtained by protecting the underlying Cu against the penetration of both dissolved oxygen and chlorine ions, thanks to the closely spaced atomic structure of the graphene sheets. The increase of graphene coating thickness results in the enhancement of the overall corrosion IE up to ∼99%, which can be attributed to the effective blocking of the ionic diffusion process via grain boundaries. Overall, our results suggest that the acetone-derived graphene film can effectively serve as a corrosion-inhibiting coating in the seawater level and that it may have a promising role to play for potential offshore coating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Huh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Microcapillary electrochemical droplet cells: applications in solid-state surface analysis. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|