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Kropidłowska P, Jurczyk-Kowalska M, Irzmańska E, Płociński T, Laskowski R. Effects of Composite Coatings Functionalized with Material Additives Applied on Textile Materials for Cut Resistant Protective Gloves. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226876. [PMID: 34832278 PMCID: PMC8620867 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effects of different types of particles added to a polymer paste applied onto a textile carrier on the cut resistance of the resulting material. Knitted aramid textile samples were coated in laboratory conditions using a polymer paste that was functionalized with 12 types of reinforcing particles of different chemical compositions and size fractions. Cut resistance was tested in accordance with the standard EN ISO 13997:1999 and the results were subjected to statistical analysis. The effects of additive particles on the microstructure of the polymeric layer were assessed by means of scanning electron microscopy. The type and size of the particles affected the cut resistance of the functionalized knitted fabric. They were also found to change the morphology of the porous structure. Composite coatings containing the smallest additive particles exhibited the best cut resistance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kropidłowska
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, 48 Wierzbowa, 90-133 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Jurczyk-Kowalska
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 141 Woloska, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.-K.); (T.P.)
| | - Emilia Irzmańska
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, 48 Wierzbowa, 90-133 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz Płociński
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 141 Woloska, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.-K.); (T.P.)
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Chen H, Hu X, He M, Ren P, Zhang C, Qu H. Ultrasensitive Gas Refractometer Using Capillary-Based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20041191. [PMID: 32098108 PMCID: PMC7070851 DOI: 10.3390/s20041191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a capillary-based Mach–Zehnder (M–Z) interferometer that could be used for precise detection of variations in refractive indices of gaseous samples. The sensing mechanism is quite straightforward. Cladding and core modes of a capillary are simultaneously excited by coupling coherent laser beams to the capillary cladding and core, respectively. An interferogram would be generated as the light transmitted from the core interferes with the light transmitted from the cladding. Variations in the refractive index of the air filling the core lead to variations in the phase difference between the core and cladding modes, thus shifting the interference fringes. Using a photodiode together with a narrow slit, we could interrogate the fringe shifts. The resolution of the sensor was found to be ~5.7 × 10−8 RIU (refractive index unit), which is comparable to the highest resolution obtained by other interferometric sensors reported in previous studies. Finally, we also analyze the temperature cross sensitivity of the sensor. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate that the ultra-sensitive sensing of gas refractive index could be realized by simply using a single capillary fiber rather than some complex fiber-optic devices such as photonic crystal fibers or other fiber-optic devices fabricated via tricky fiber processing techniques. This capillary sensor, while featuring an ultrahigh resolution, has many other advantages such as simple structure, ease of fabrication, straightforward sensing principle, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijin Chen
- Research Center for Advanced Optics and Photoelectronics, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China; (H.C.); (X.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.)
| | - Xuehao Hu
- Research Center for Advanced Optics and Photoelectronics, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China; (H.C.); (X.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.)
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology of MOE, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Meifan He
- Research Center for Advanced Optics and Photoelectronics, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China; (H.C.); (X.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.)
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Research Center for Advanced Optics and Photoelectronics, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China; (H.C.); (X.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.)
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China;
| | - Hang Qu
- Research Center for Advanced Optics and Photoelectronics, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China; (H.C.); (X.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.)
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology of MOE, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-7548-650-2078
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She S, Li W, Chang C, Li Z, Zheng J, Gao S, Zhang Y, Li G, Gao Q, Zhao W, Zhao B, Guo H, Hou C. Ultra-low-loss double-cladding laser fiber fabricated by optimized chelate gas phase deposition technique. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:7943-7949. [PMID: 30462065 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.007943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
By applying an optimized chelate gas phase deposition technique, a Yb/Ce codoped aluminosilicate fiber with ultra-low loss of 1.55 dB/km was successfully fabricated and reported. The fiber showed homogenous distribution of the refractive index and dopant concentration devoid of central dip and clustering. Using the fiber as the amplifier stage, it delivered 1023 W near-single-mode laser output (M2=1.35) with a high slope efficiency of 85.1%, and the fiber temperature was less than 24.2°C, primarily benefiting from the ultra-low background loss. The fiber also exhibited low photodarkening-induced loss, illustrating its outstanding photodarkening resistance. These results indicate that the ultra-low-loss Yb/Ce codoped aluminosilicate fiber is a prospective candidate for stable and reliable fiber laser applications.
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Brillouin Dynamic Gratings-A Practical Form of Brillouin Enhanced Four Wave Mixing in Waveguides: The First Decade and Beyond. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18092863. [PMID: 30200241 PMCID: PMC6163351 DOI: 10.3390/s18092863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brillouin-Enhanced Four-Wave-Mixing techniques, which couple four optical beams through Brillouin nonlinearity, have gained popularity in the 1980's largely owing to their phase conjugation properties. Experiments were mainly conducted in liquid cells. The interest in Brillouin-Enhanced Four-Wave-Mixing has reawakened in the 2000's, following the quest for dynamically reconfigurable gratings in optical fibers. Termed Brillouin Dynamic Grating this time around, it is, in fact, an acoustic wave, optically generated by stimulated Brillouin scattering process between two pump waves. The acoustic wave either carries the coherent information encoded by the pump beams, or in the case of sensing applications, its properties are determined by the environmental parameters. This information, in turn, is imparted to the third phase-matched optical probe wave through the elasto-optic effect. Over the last decade, this mechanism allowed for the realization of many all-optical signal processing functions and has proven instrumental in distributed sensing applications. This paper describes the basics, as well as the state of the art, of BDG-based applications in optical fibers. It also surveys the efforts being done to carry over these concepts to the photonic chip level.
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Yang T, Ding C, Ziolkowski RW, Guo YJ. Circular hole ENZ photonic crystal fibers exhibit high birefringence. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:17264-17278. [PMID: 30119540 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.017264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
-A novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) design that yields very high birefringence is proposed and analyzed. Its significantly enhanced birefringence is achieved by filling selected air holes in the cladding with an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) material. Extensive simulation results of this asymmetric material distribution in the lower THz range demonstrate that the reported PCF has a birefringence above 0.1 and a loss below 0.01 cm-1 over a wide band of frequencies. Moreover, it exhibits near zero dispersion at 0.75 THz for both the X- and Y-polarization modes and a birefringence equal to 0.28. This THz PCF is then scaled successfully to optical frequencies. While the high birefringence is maintained, this optical PCF has a very high loss in its Y-polarization mode and, consequently, yields single-polarization single-mode (SPSM) propagation, exhibiting near zero dispersion at the optical telecom wavelength of 1.55 μm. The ideal ENZ materials used for these conceptual models are replaced with realistic ones for both the THz and optical PCF designs. With the currently available ENZ materials, the realistic PCFs still have a high birefringence, but with higher losses compared to the idealized results. Future developments of ENZ materials that achieve lower loss properties will mitigate this issue in any frequency band of high interest.
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Smith AV, Smith JJ. Mode instability thresholds for Tm-doped fiber amplifiers pumped at 790 nm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:975-992. [PMID: 26832480 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We use a detailed numerical model of stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering to compute mode instability thresholds in Tm(3+)-doped fiber amplifiers. The fiber amplifies 2040 nm light using a 790 nm pump. The cross-relaxation process is strong, permitting power efficiencies of 60%. The predicted instability thresholds are compared with those in similar Yb(3+)-doped fiber amplifiers with 976 nm pump and 1060 nm signal, and are found to be higher, even though the heat load is much higher in Tm-doped amplifiers. The higher threshold in the Tm-doped fiber is attributed to its longer signal wavelength, and to stronger gain saturation, due in part to cross-relaxation heating.
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Surface modulation of silicon nitride ceramics for orthopaedic applications. Acta Biomater 2015; 26:318-30. [PMID: 26302831 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) has a distinctive combination of material properties such as high strength and fracture toughness, inherent phase stability, scratch resistance, low wear, biocompatibility, hydrophilic behavior, excellent radiographic imaging and resistance to bacterial adhesion, all of which make it an attractive choice for orthopaedic implants. Unlike oxide ceramics, the surface chemistry and topography of Si3N4 can be engineered to address potential in vivo needs. Morphologically, it can be manufactured to have an ultra-smooth or highly fibrous surface structure. Its chemistry can be varied from that of a silica-like surface to one which is predominately comprised of silicon-amines. In the present study, a Si3N4 bioceramic was subjected to thermal, chemical, and mechanical treatments in order to induce changes in surface composition and features. The treatments included grinding and polishing, etching in aqueous hydrofluoric acid, and heating in nitrogen or air. The treated surfaces were characterized using a variety of microscopy techniques to assess morphology. Surface chemistry and phase composition were determined using X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Streaming potential measurements evaluated surface charging, and sessile water drop techniques assessed wetting behavior. These treatments yielded significant differences in surface properties with isoelectric points ranging from 2 to 5.6, and moderate to extremely hydrophilic water contact angles from ∼65° to ∼8°. This work provides a basis for future in vitro and in vivo studies which will examine the effects of these treatments on important orthopaedic properties such as friction, wear, protein adsorption, bacteriostasis and osseointegration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Silicon nitride (Si3N4) exhibits a unique combination of bulk mechanical and surface chemical properties that make it an ideal biomaterial for orthopaedic implants. It is already being used for interbody spinal fusion cages and is being developed for total joint arthroplasty. Its surface texture and chemistry are both highly tunable, yielding physicochemical combinations that may lead to enhanced osseointegration and bacterial resistance without compromising bulk mechanical properties. This study demonstrates the ease with which significant changes to Si3N4's surface phase composition, charging, and wetting behavior can be induced, and represents an initial step towards a mechanistic understanding of the interaction between implant surfaces and the biologic environment.
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Dragic PD, Kucera C, Ballato J, Litzkendorf D, Dellith J, Schuster K. Brillouin scattering properties of lanthano-aluminosilicate optical fiber. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:5660-5671. [PMID: 25321361 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.005660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing measurements on a lanthano-aluminosilicate core optical fiber, the specific effects of lanthana (La2O3) on the Brillouin characteristics of silica-based oxide glass optical fibers are described. Lanthana is an interesting species to investigate since it possesses a wide transparency window covering the common fiber laser and telecom system wavelengths. As might be expected, it is found that the properties of lanthana are very similar to those of ytterbia (Yb2O3), namely, low acoustic velocity, wide Brillouin spectral width, and a negative photoelastic constant, with the latter two properties affording significant reductions to the Brillouin gain coefficient. However, lanthana possesses thermo-acoustic and strain-acoustic coefficients (acoustic velocity versus temperature or strain, TAC and SAC, respectively) with signs that are opposed to those of ytterbia. The lanthano-aluminosilicate (SAL) fiber utilized in this study is Brillouin-athermal (no dependence of the Brillouin frequency on temperature), but not atensic (is dependent upon the strain), which is believed to be, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of such a glass fiber utilizing a compositional engineering approach.
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