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Marinho E, Figueiredo PR, Araújo R, Proença MF. A simple protocol for the synthesis of perylene bisimides from perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride. RSC Adv 2024; 14:11141-11150. [PMID: 38590355 PMCID: PMC10999908 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01576b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Perylene bisimides are highly attractive polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons due to their photostability associated to unique and characteristic photochemical properties. They have been widely used for analytical purposes, despite the hydrophobicity of most of these compounds. The ring substitution pattern plays an important role in fine-tuning the physicochemical properties that govern solubility and aggregation. In this work, a selection of perylene bisimides were prepared from the reaction of perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride with α-amino acids or primary aliphatic and aromatic amines. These molecules were obtained in good yield by a simple synthetic protocol based on the use of imidazole as a green solvent and avoiding the need for complex purification methods, a major advantage for future applications. Functionalization of the exocyclic substituent can also be performed and was exemplified by the incorporation of the maleimide and anthraquinone moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Marinho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal +351 253604379
| | - Pedro R Figueiredo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal +351 253604379
| | - Rui Araújo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal +351 253604379
| | - M Fernanda Proença
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal +351 253604379
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2
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Rh(III)‐Catalyzed One‐Step Synthesis of
ortho
‐Alkynylated Perylene Imide Dyes: Optical and Electrochemical Properties of New Derivatives. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200723. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Moharana P, Santosh G. Self‐assembled supramolecular organogels of Perylene diimide derivatives. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Moharana
- Division of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai INDIA
| | - G. Santosh
- Division of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai INDIA
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Wenderoth S, Eigen A, Wintzheimer S, Prieschl J, Hirsch A, Halik M, Mandel K. Supraparticles with a Mechanically Triggerable Color-Change-Effect to Equip Coatings with the Ability to Report Damage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107513. [PMID: 35253355 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small scratches and abrasion cause damage to packaging coatings. Albeit often invisible to the human eye, such small defects in the coating may ultimately have a strong negative impact on the whole system. For instance, gases may penetrate the coating and consequently the package barrier, thus leading to the degradation of sensitive goods. Herein, the indicators of mechanical damage in the form of particles are reported, which can readily be integrated into coatings. Shear stress-induced damage is indicated by the particles via a color change. The particles are designed as core-shell supraparticles. The supraparticle core is based on rhodamine B dye-doped silica nanoparticles, whereas the shell is made of alumina nanoparticles. The alumina surface is functionalized with a monolayer of a perylene dye. The resulting core-shell supraparticle system thus contains two colors, one in the core and one in the shell part of the architecture. Mechanical damage of this structure exposes the core from the shell, resulting in a color change. With particles integrated into a coating lacquer, mechanical damage of a coating can be monitored via a color change and even be related to the degree of oxygen penetration in a damaged coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wenderoth
- Chair of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, D97070, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research, ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Eigen
- Organic Materials & Devices, Department of Material Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 3, D91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Wintzheimer
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research, ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D97082, Würzburg, Germany
- Departement of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, D91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Prieschl
- Departement of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, D91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, D91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials & Devices, Department of Material Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 3, D91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Mandel
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research, ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D97082, Würzburg, Germany
- Departement of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, D91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic properties of PDI/TiO2/activated carbon nanocomposite. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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6
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Aivali S, Anastasopoulos C, Andreopoulou AK, Pipertzis A, Floudas G, Kallitsis JK. A "Rigid-Flexible" Approach for Processable Perylene Diimide-Based Polymers: Influence of the Specific Architecture on the Morphological, Dielectric, Optical, and Electronic Properties. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5079-5090. [PMID: 32459484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation-break flexible spacers in-between π-conjugated segments were utilized herein toward processable perylene diimide (PDI)-based polymers. Aromatic-aliphatic PDI-based polymers were developed via the two-phase polyetherification of a phenol-difunctional PDI monomer and aliphatic dibromides. These polyethers showed excellent solubility and film-forming ability and deep lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels (-4.0 to -3.85 eV), indicating the preservation of good electron-accepting character or characteristics, despite the non-conjugated segments. Their thermodynamic properties, local dynamics, and ionic conductivity demonstrate the suppression of PDI's inherent tendency for aggregation and crystallization, suggesting PDI-polyethers as versatile candidates for organic electronic applications. Their dynamics investigation using dielectric spectroscopy revealed weak dipole moments arising from the distortion of the planar perylene cores. Blends of the PDI-polyethers (as electron acceptors) with P3HT (as a potential electron donor component) showed UV-vis absorbances from 350 to 650 nm and a tendency of the PDI-polyethers to intertwine with rr-P3HT and restrain its high crystallization tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Aivali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, University Campus, Rio, Patras GR26504, Greece
| | | | - Aikaterini K Andreopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, University Campus, Rio, Patras GR26504, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Platani Str., Patras GR26504, Greece
| | | | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, German
| | - Joannis K Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, University Campus, Rio, Patras GR26504, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Platani Str., Patras GR26504, Greece
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Zhang F, Li W, Jiang T, Li X, Shao Y, Ma Y, Wu J. Real roles of perylene diimides for improving photocatalytic activity. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23024-23037. [PMID: 35520352 PMCID: PMC9054670 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three novel visible-light-driven composite photocatalysts: five-membered O-heterocyclic annulated perylene diimide doped TiO2 (PDI-1/TiO2), 1-phenol-N,N′-dicyclohexyl perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide doped TiO2 (PDI-2/TiO2), and N,N′-dicyclohexyl perylene diimide doped TiO2 (PDI-3/TiO2), were synthesized using a hydrothermal synthesis method. The effects of introducing PDIs with different structures into TiO2 were evaluated by assaying the photodegradation rate of Methylene Blue (MB). The photoactivities of the PDI-1/TiO2 and PDI-2/TiO2 catalysts were better than that of PDI-3/TiO2. This is because the large surface area of PDI-1 nanorods and PDI-2 nanobelts extended the 1D charge carrier channel, which facilitated electron transfer to the TiO2 surface and improved the photocatalytic activity of the composites. The PDI-1/TiO2 composite showed the highest photoactivity, and the activity remained at 86.4% after four reuse cycles. The extended π–π stacking of self-assembled PDI-1 and the strong interactions between self-assembled PDI-1 and TiO2 played significant roles in accelerating charge transfer and decreasing recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. The steric hindrance of the phenoxy substituent at the bay position of PDI-2 prevented the PDI-2 nucleus from contacting TiO2 and weakened the interaction between PDI-2 and TiO2, which further resulted in the low photoactivity of PDI-2/TiO2. This work provides a practical way to improve the performances of traditional organic and inorganic composite photocatalysts. Three novel visible-light-driven composite photocatalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal method. The effects of introducing PDIs with different structures into TiO2 were evaluated by assaying the photodegradation rate of methylene blue.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong Jianzhu University
- Jinan 250101
- China
| | - Wenjing Li
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong Jianzhu University
- Jinan 250101
- China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong Jianzhu University
- Jinan 250101
- China
| | - Xuemei Li
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong Jianzhu University
- Jinan 250101
- China
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong Jianzhu University
- Jinan 250101
- China
| | - Yongshan Ma
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong Jianzhu University
- Jinan 250101
- China
| | - Junsen Wu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong Jianzhu University
- Jinan 250101
- China
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8
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Zhang F, Ma Y, Chi Y, Yu H, Li Y, Jiang T, Wei X, Shi J. Self-assembly, optical and electrical properties of perylene diimide dyes bearing unsymmetrical substituents at bay position. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8208. [PMID: 29844454 PMCID: PMC5974014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perylene diimides (PDIs) are one class of the most explored organic fluorescent materials due to their high luminescence efficiency, optoelectronic properties, and ready to form well-tailored supramolecular structures. However, heavy aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) effect in solid state has greatly limited their potential applications. We have easily solved this problem by chemical modification of the PDI core with only phenoxy moietie at one of the bay position. In this paper, we report two perylene bisimides with small rigid substituents, 1- phenol -N, N'-dicyclohexyl perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PDI 1) and 1- p-chlorophenol-N, N'-dicyclohexyl perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PDI 2) possess both well defined organic nanostructures and high fluorescence quantum yield in the solid state. In contrast, 1-propanol-N, N'-dicyclohexyl perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PDI 3) bearing a straight chain only shown weak orange fluorescence. In addition, morphological inspection demonstrated that PDI 3 molecules easily form well-organized microstructures despite the linkage of the PDI core with a straight chain. The present strategy could provide a generic route towards novel and advanced fluorescent materials and these materials may find various applications in high-tech fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemistry, Shandong Normal University, jinan, 250014, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metrology and Measurement, Shandong Institute of Metrology, Shandong Social Justice Institute of Metrology, Jinan, 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yongshan Ma
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P.R. China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Green Building, Jinan, 250101, P.R. China.
| | - Yanhui Chi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemistry, Shandong Normal University, jinan, 250014, P.R. China
| | - Haohai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan, Jinan, 250100, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemistry, Shandong Normal University, jinan, 250014, P.R. China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P.R. China
| | - Jingmin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemistry, Shandong Normal University, jinan, 250014, P.R. China.
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Bala I, Gupta SP, De J, Pal SK. Room-Temperature Columnar Nematic and Soft Crystalline Columnar Assemblies of a New Series of Perylene-Centred Disc Tetramers. Chemistry 2017; 23:12767-12778. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Bala
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali; Sector-81, Knowledge City Manauli 140306 India
| | - Santosh Prasad Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali; Sector-81, Knowledge City Manauli 140306 India
| | - Joydip De
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali; Sector-81, Knowledge City Manauli 140306 India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali; Sector-81, Knowledge City Manauli 140306 India
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11
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Pramanik B, Mondal JH, Singha N, Ahmed S, Mohanty J, Das D. A Viologen-Perylenediimide Conjugate as an Efficient Base Sensor with Solvatochromic Property. Chemphyschem 2016; 18:245-252. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bapan Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati,Assam 781039 India
| | - Julfikar Hassan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati,Assam 781039 India
| | - Nilotpal Singha
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati,Assam 781039 India
| | - Sahnawaz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati,Assam 781039 India
| | - Jyotirmayee Mohanty
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Center; Trombay,Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati,Assam 781039 India
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Shabir G, Saeed A, Arshad M, Zahid M. Multichromic Bis-Axially Extended Perylene Chromophore with Schiff Bases: Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Studies. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:2247-2255. [PMID: 27672080 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper a novel way of symmetric conjugation extension along molecular axes of perylene dianhydride chromophore has been devised to achieve lengthy delocalized electronic species exhibiting red shifted absorption and emission of UV-Visible radiations. During synthetic pathway free amino Schiff bases of novel aldehydes with 4-amino acetanilide have been condensed with perylene dianhydride in quinoline at high temperature. Bis perylene diimide Schiff bases (5a-e) have been synthesized which showed absorption λmax at 461-526 nm and emission at 525-550 nm. Structures of newly obtained compounds have been confirmed by 1H and 13C-NMR studies. Cyclic voltammetric analysis of these dyes exhibited oxidation and reduction peaks which provide indirect evidence for their potential utility as n-type material for sensitization of semiconductors in solar cells. LUMO and HOMO energy levels were found in the range of -4.21 to -5.20 and -6.75 to -7.57 eV, respectively. Graphical Abstract Multi chromic bis-axially extended perylene chromophore with Schiff bases, synthesis characterization and electrochemical studies. Ghulam Shabir, Aamer Saeed, Muhammad Arshad and Muhammad Zahid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Shabir
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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Filapek M, Matussek M, Szlapa A, Kula S, Pająk M. The influence of experimental conditions and intermolecular interaction on the band gap determination. Case study of perylene diimide and carbazole-fluorene derivatives. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen KY, Chang CW, Tsai HY. 1,6- and 1,7-Regioisomers of Highly Soluble Amino-Substituted Perylene Tetracarboxylic Dianhydrides: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties. MATERIALS 2015; 8:4943-4960. [PMID: 28793483 PMCID: PMC5455523 DOI: 10.3390/ma8084943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1,6- and 1,7-regioisomers of diamino-substituted perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrides (PTCDs) with different n-alkyl chain lengths (n = 6, 12 or 18) were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. These dyes are highly soluble in most organic solvents and even in nonpolar solvents, such as hexane. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the 1,6-diamino-substituted PTCDs (2a-2c) have been obtained in pure form. The regioisomers 1a-1c (1,7-) and 2a-2c (1,6-) exhibit significant differences in their optical characteristics. In addition to the longest wavelength absorption band at around 674 nm, 2a-2c exhibit another shoulder band at ca. 600 nm, and consequently, cover a large part of the visible region relative to those of 1a-1c. Upon excitation, 2a-2c also show larger dipole moment changes than those of 1a-1c; the dipole moments of all compounds have been estimated using Lippert-Mataga equation. Moreover, all the dyes show a unique charge transfer emission in the near-infrared region, of which the peak wavelengths exhibit strong solvatochromism. They all exhibit one irreversible one-electron oxidation and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Complementary density functional theory calculations performed on these chromophores are reported in order to rationalize their electronic structure and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kew-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Yang Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
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