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Qadeer A, Khan A, Khan NM, Wajid A, Ullah K, Skalickova S, Chilala P, Slama P, Horky P, Alqahtani MS, Alreshidi MA. Use of nanotechnology-based nanomaterial as a substitute for antibiotics in monogastric animals. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31728. [PMID: 38845989 PMCID: PMC11153202 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution for tackling antibiotic resistance in monogastric animals, providing innovative methods to enhance animal health and well-being. This review explores the novel use of nanotechnology-based nanomaterials as substitutes for antibiotics in monogastric animals. With growing global concerns about antibiotic resistance and the need for sustainable practices in animal husbandry, nanotechnology offers a compelling avenue to address these challenges. The objectives of this review are to find out the potential of nanomaterials in improving animal health while reducing reliance on conventional antibiotics. We examine various forms of nanomaterials and their roles in promoting gut health and also emphasize fresh perspectives brought by integrating nanotechnology into animal healthcare. Additionally, we delve into the mechanisms underlying the antibacterial properties of nanomaterials and their effectiveness in combating microbial resistance. By shedding light on the transformative role of nanotechnology in animal production systems. This review contributes to our understanding of how nanotechnology can provide safer and more sustainable alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qadeer
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aamir Khan
- Livestock and Dairy Development (Extension), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Noor Muhammad Khan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Kaleem Ullah
- Livestock and Dairy Development (Extension), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sylvie Skalickova
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pompido Chilala
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slama
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Horky
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 RH, UK
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Fierascu RC, Lungulescu EM, Fierascu I, Stan MS, Voinea IC, Dumitrescu SI. Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Incorporation in Polyurethane Foams: A Solution for Future Antimicrobial Materials? Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4570. [PMID: 38231979 PMCID: PMC10708408 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
With the technological developments witnessed in recent decades, nanotechnology and nanomaterials have found uses in several common applications and products we encounter daily. On the other hand, polyurethane (PU) foams represent an extremely versatile material, being widely recognized for their extensive application possibilities and possessing a multitude of fundamental attributes that enhance their broad usability across various application fields. By combining the versatility of PU with the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles, this emerging field holds promise for addressing the urgent need for effective antimicrobial materials in various applications. In this comprehensive review, we explore the synthesis methods, properties and applications of these nanocomposite materials, shedding light on their potential role in safeguarding public health and environmental sustainability. The main focus is on PU foams containing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, but a brief presentation of the progress documented in the last few years regarding other antimicrobial nanomaterials incorporated into such foams is also given within this review in order to obtain a larger image of the possibilities to develop improved PU foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Claudiu Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.C.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Eduard-Marius Lungulescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.C.F.); (I.F.)
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Bvd., 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Miruna S. Stan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.S.); (I.C.V.)
| | - Ionela C. Voinea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.S.); (I.C.V.)
| | - Silviu Ionel Dumitrescu
- Central Emergency University Military Hospital, 013058 Bucharest, Romania;
- Medical-Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Preparation of Laser-Ablated Ag Nanoparticle-MMT Clay-Based Beeswax Antibiofilm Coating. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020194. [PMID: 36830105 PMCID: PMC9952241 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other antimicrobial agents, Ag-based composites are stable and currently widely used as broad spectral additives, fighting microbial biofilms and other biological threats. The goal of the present study is to develop a green, multifunctional, and robust antibiofilm water-insoluble coating, inhibiting histamine-producing Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri biofilms. Herein, laser-ablated Ag NPs (L-Ag NPs) were incorporated into and onto a montmorillonite (MMT) surface layer with a simple wet chemical method, provided that the electrostatic interaction between L-Ag NPs and MMT clay led to the formation of L-Ag/MMT nanoantimicrobials (NAMs). The use of MMT support can facilitate handling Ag NPs in industrial applications. The Ag/MMT composite was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which confirmed the entrapment of L-Ag NPs into MMT clay. The surface chemical composition was assessed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, proving that Ag NPs were in contact with and deposited onto the surface of MMT. The characteristic L-Ag/MMT band was investigated with UV-vis spectroscopy. Following that, the L-Ag/MMT composite was embedded into a biosafe water-insoluble beeswax agent with a spin coating technique. The antimicrobial ion release kinetic profile of the L-Ag/MMT/beeswax coating through an electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS) study supported the controlled release of Ag ions, reaching a plateau at 420 ± 80 nM, which is safe from the point of view of Ag toxicity. Microbial biofilm growth inhibition was assessed with real-time in situ Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) in a flow cell assembly over 32 h. The study was further supported by optical density (OD) measurements and SEM on bacteria incubated in the presence of the L-Ag/MMT/beeswax coating.
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Guo L, Wang W, Guo X, Hao K, Liu H, Xu Y, Liu G, Guo S, Bai L, Ren D, Liu F. Recycling of Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Regrinding Scraps into Powder to Replace Polyol for Re-Foaming. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6047. [PMID: 36079426 PMCID: PMC9457413 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the context of protecting the ecological environment and carbon neutrality, high-value recycling of flexible polyurethane foam (F-PUF) scraps, generated in the production process, is of great significance to save petroleum raw materials and reduce energy consumption. In the present study, F-PUF scraps were ground into powder by strong shear regrinding using two-roll mill and then reused as a partial replacement of polyol for re-foaming. A series of characterizations were employed to investigate the effect of milling cycles, roller temperatures, and content of the powder on the properties of the powder and F-PUF containing powder. It was revealed that the mechanochemical effect induced breaking of the cross-linking structure and increased activity of the powder. The volume mean diameter (VMD) of powder prepared with 7 milling cycles, at room temperature, is about 97.73 μm. The microstructure and density of the F-PUF containing powder prepared in the above-mentioned manner to replace up to 15 wt.% polyol, is similar to the original F-PUF, with resilience 49.08% and compression set 7.8%, which indicates that the recycling method will play an important role in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiurui Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Kuanfa Hao
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Haichao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Sino-Thai International Rubber College, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Gongxu Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shouyun Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Lichen Bai
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Donghui Ren
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
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Natural Additives Improving Polyurethane Antimicrobial Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132533. [PMID: 35808578 PMCID: PMC9269143 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using polymers with antibacterial and antifungal properties; therefore, the present review is focused on the effect of natural compounds on the antibacterial and antifungal properties of polyurethane (PUR). This topic is important because materials and objects made with this polymer can be used as antibacterial and antifungal ones in places where hygiene and sterile conditions are particularly required (e.g., in healthcare, construction industries, cosmetology, pharmacology, or food industries) and thus can become another possibility in comparison to commonly used disinfectants, which mostly show high toxicity to the environment and the human health. The review presents the possibilities of using natural extracts as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral additives, which, in contrast to the currently used antibiotics, have a much wider effect. Antibiotics fight bacterial infections by killing bacteria (bactericidal effect) or slowing and stopping their growth (bacteriostatic effect) and effect on different kinds of fungi, but they do not fight viruses; therefore, compounds of natural origin can find wide use as biocidal substances. Fungi grow in almost any environment, and they reproduce easily in dirt and wet spaces; thus, the development of antifungal PUR foams is focused on avoiding fungal infections and inhibiting growth. Polymers are susceptible to microorganism adhesion and, consequently, are treated and modified to inhibit fungal and bacterial growth. The ability of micro-organisms to grow on polyurethanes can cause human health problems during the use and storage of polymers, making it necessary to use additives that eliminate bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
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6
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Overview of antimicrobial polyurethane-based nanocomposite materials and associated signalling pathways. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Kasi G, Gnanasekar S, Zhang K, Kang ET, Xu LQ. Polyurethane‐based
composites with promising antibacterial properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Kasi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies School of Materials and Energy Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Sathishkumar Gnanasekar
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies School of Materials and Energy Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies School of Materials and Energy Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - En Tang Kang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies School of Materials and Energy Southwest University Chongqing China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Kent Ridge Singapore
| | - Li Qun Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies School of Materials and Energy Southwest University Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University Haikou China
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Yunus S, Sefa-Ntiri B, Anderson B, Kumi F, Mensah-Amoah P, Sonko Sackey S. Quantitative Pore Characterization of Polyurethane Foam with Cost-Effective Imaging Tools and Image Analysis: A Proof-Of-Principle Study. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111879. [PMID: 31739426 PMCID: PMC6918242 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the pore characterization of polyurethane (PU) foam as a necessary step in water filtration membrane fabrication. Porous material characterization is essential for predicting membrane performance, strength, durability, surface feel, and to understand the transport mechanisms using modeling and simulations. Most existing pore characterization techniques are relatively costly, time-consuming, subjective, and have cumbersome sample preparations. This study focused on using three relatively inexpensive imaging systems: a black box, Canon camera (EOS760D), and LaserJet scanner (M1132 MFP). Two standard, state-of-the-art imaging systems were used for comparison: a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope. Digital images produced by the imaging systems were used with a MATLAB algorithm to determine the surface porosity, pore area, and shape factor of the polyurethane foam in an efficient manner. The results obtained established the compatibility of the image analysis algorithm with the imaging systems. The black box results were found to be more comparable to both the stereomicroscope and SEM systems than those of the Canon camera and scanner imaging systems. Indeed, the current research effort demonstrates the possibility of substrate characterization with inexpensive imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemmira Yunus
- Department of Physics, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Ghana
| | | | | | - Francis Kumi
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Ghana
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9
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Barroso-Solares S, Pinto J, Fragouli D, Athanassiou A. Facile Oil Removal from Water-in-Oil Stable Emulsions Using PU Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2382. [PMID: 30486345 PMCID: PMC6316968 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic and oleophilic polyurethane foams were obtained by spray-coating their surfaces with solutions of thermoplastic polyurethane and hydrophobic silicon oxide nanoparticles. The developed functionalized foams were exploited as reusable oil absorbents from stable water-in-oil emulsions. These foams were able to remove oil efficiently from a wide range of emulsions with oil contents from 10 to 80 v.%, stabilized using Span80. The modified foams could reach oil absorption capacities up to 29 g/g, becoming a suitable candidate for water-in-oil stable emulsions separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suset Barroso-Solares
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Cellular Materials (CellMat) Research Group, Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belen 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Javier Pinto
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Cellular Materials (CellMat) Research Group, Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belen 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Despina Fragouli
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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10
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Recent advance in antibacterial activity of nanoparticles contained polyurethane. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sportelli MC, Picca RA, Paladini F, Mangone A, Giannossa LC, Franco CD, Gallo AL, Valentini A, Sannino A, Pollini M, Cioffi N. Spectroscopic Characterization and Nanosafety of Ag-Modified Antibacterial Leather and Leatherette. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E203. [PMID: 28758912 PMCID: PMC5575685 DOI: 10.3390/nano7080203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of antibacterial coatings is of great interest from both industry and the consumer's point of view. In this study, we characterized tanned leather and polyurethane leatherette, typically employed in the automotive and footwear industries, which were modified by photo-deposition of antibacterial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Material surface chemical composition was investigated in detail by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The material's antibacterial capability was checked against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as representative microorganisms in cross transmissions. Due to the presence of silver in a nanostructured form, nanosafety issues were considered, as well. Ionic release in contact media, as well as whole nanoparticle release from treated materials, were quantitatively evaluated, thus providing specific information on potential product nanotoxicity, which was further investigated through cytocompatibility MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays, also after surface abrasion of the materials. The proved negligible nanoparticle release, as well as the controlled release of antibacterial ions, shed light on the materials' potentialities, in terms of both high activity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Sportelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
- CNR-IFN U.O.S. Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Anna Picca
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Federica Paladini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, Università del Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Annarosa Mangone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Lorena Carla Giannossa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | | | - Anna Lucia Gallo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, Università del Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Antonio Valentini
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, Università del Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Mauro Pollini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, Università del Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Nicola Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Picca RA, Paladini F, Sportelli MC, Pollini M, Giannossa LC, Di Franco C, Panico A, Mangone A, Valentini A, Cioffi N. Combined Approach for the Development of Efficient and Safe Nanoantimicrobials: The Case of Nanosilver-Modified Polyurethane Foams. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:1417-1425. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Anna Picca
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Paladini
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Via per
Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Sportelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Pollini
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Via per
Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorena Carla Giannossa
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- CNR-IFN
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelica Panico
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Via per
Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Annarosa Mangone
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Valentini
- Dipartimento
Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Cioffi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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