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Ricketts EJ, de Souza LR, Freeman BL, Jefferson A, Al-Tabbaa A. Microcapsule Triggering Mechanics in Cementitious Materials: A Modelling and Machine Learning Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:764. [PMID: 38591660 PMCID: PMC10856053 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Self-healing cementitious materials containing microcapsules filled with healing agents can autonomously seal cracks and restore structural integrity. However, optimising the microcapsule mechanical properties to survive concrete mixing whilst still rupturing at the cracked interface to release the healing agent remains challenging. This study develops an integrated numerical modelling and machine learning approach for tailoring acrylate-based microcapsules for triggering within cementitious matrices. Microfluidics is first utilised to produce microcapsules with systematically varied shell thickness, strength, and cement compatibility. The capsules are characterised and simulated using a continuum damage mechanics model that is able to simulate cracking. A parametric study investigates the key microcapsule and interfacial properties governing shell rupture versus matrix failure. The simulation results are used to train an artificial neural network to rapidly predict the triggering behaviour based on capsule properties. The machine learning model produces design curves relating the microcapsule strength, toughness, and interfacial bond to its propensity for fracture. By combining advanced simulations and data science, the framework connects tailored microcapsule properties to their intended performance in complex cementitious environments for more robust self-healing concrete systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John Ricketts
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, 3-5 The Walk, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK or (B.L.F.); (A.J.)
| | - Lívia Ribeiro de Souza
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK; (L.R.d.S.); (A.A.-T.)
| | - Brubeck Lee Freeman
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, 3-5 The Walk, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK or (B.L.F.); (A.J.)
- LUSAS, Forge House, 66 High Street, Kingston upon Thames KT1 1HN, UK
| | - Anthony Jefferson
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, 3-5 The Walk, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK or (B.L.F.); (A.J.)
| | - Abir Al-Tabbaa
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK; (L.R.d.S.); (A.A.-T.)
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2
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Zhu C, Zhang Y, Shekh MI, Dong B, Yan X, Zhu G. Advancing Inorganic Microcapsule Fabrication through Frozen-Assisted Interfacial Reactions Utilizing Liquid Marbles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50437-50446. [PMID: 37851951 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic microcapsules (IMs) have gained significant attention as versatile platforms for delivering functional agents in various fields. Traditional template-dependent methods employing hard templates often involve complex and harsh template removal processes. Achieving IMs with diverse composition and structure remains challenging with current preparation strategies. Therefore, in this work, we have for the first time demonstrated an extremely facile and efficient liquid-marbles-based template approach for fabricating pure inorganic microcapsules via interfacial reaction in a mild aqueous solution. The water-water reaction interface is created by changing the wettability of the liquid marble (LM) surface through the icing-melting process. The composition and function of the inorganic shell could be easily adjusted by varying the inorganic reagent species of the interfacial reaction, the hydrophobic particle of the shell, and the reaction environment according to the specific requirements of the application field. Such an approach provides a flexible platform for material preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtian Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
- Department of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Mehdihasan I Shekh
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Biqin Dong
- Department of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiatao Yan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Guangming Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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Ying Y, Hu M, Han J, Yu Y, Xia X, Guo J. Water-Adaptive Microcapsules with a Brittle-Ductile-Brittle Transition Based on an O/W/O Emulsion for the Self-Healing of Cementitious Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47497-47508. [PMID: 37750763 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Cementitious materials inevitably develop cracks, posing a serious threat to the long-term security of infrastructure, especially in the complex underground environment of cementing engineering. Microcapsules are facing the problem of encapsulated structure damage during the mixing and breaking difficultly during self-healing when applied in cementitious materials, resulting in the decline of self-healing efficiency. Herein, the calcium alginate water-adaptive microcapsules (CaAlg-NS/E-51) were prepared via an O/W/O emulsion, and the water adaptability of the shell was applied to achieve a rapid brittle-ductile transition by absorbing water. The water adaptability of the microcapsule is conducive to resisting shear stress during stirring due to the decreased elastic modulus and the increased ductility of the shell when it absorbs water. Meanwhile, the water-bearing shell loses water and becomes brittle during dry curing, making it prone to fracture when self-healing. In the self-healing measurement, the self-healing efficiency of cementitious specimens with microcapsules absorbing water for 10 min improved by 234.9 and 60.0% at 1 and 7 days, respectively, compared with those containing dry microcapsules, owing to the water adaptability of the shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ying
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300000, China
| | - Miaomiao Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300000, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Zhejiang 312300, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300051, China
| | - Jingmin Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300000, China
| | - Yongjin Yu
- CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiujian Xia
- CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jintang Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300000, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Zhejiang 312300, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300051, China
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4
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Chidiac SE, Reda MA. Performance Modeling of Spherical Capsules during Mixing of Self-Consolidating Concrete. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2379. [PMID: 36984258 PMCID: PMC10052893 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous healing is a very promising technique in self-healing concrete systems. For capsules to achieve their anticipated performance, they should be able to survive the harsh mixing conditions of concrete, yet rupture upon concrete cracking. At present, there are no standard test methods, either experimental or analytical, for determining the capsule survival rate during concrete mixing. This study investigates the correlation between the capsules' shell properties, concrete rheological properties, the capsules' external forces, and capsule survival rate during concrete mixing. Finite element and statistical modeling techniques were employed to evaluate the capsule performance and predict the survival rate of capsules during concrete mixing, with 68% confidence. The results revealed that the capsules' survivability during concrete mixing is highly influenced by the capsule's radius-to-thickness ratio, the rheological properties of the fresh concrete, the average-paste-thickness (APT) of the concrete mix, the aggregate content and angularity, and the speed of the mixer. In brief, capsules with a radius-to-thickness ratio between 30 and 45 are likely to survive concrete mixing and yet still rupture upon concrete cracking.
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Reda MA, Chidiac SE. Performance of Capsules in Self-Healing Cementitious Material. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15207302. [PMID: 36295367 PMCID: PMC9611815 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation is a very promising technique that is being explored to enhance the autonomous self-healing of cementitious materials. However, its success requires the survival of self-healing capsules during mixing and placing conditions, while still trigger the release of a healing agent upon concrete cracking. A review of the literature revealed discontinuities and inconsistencies in the design and performance evaluation of self-healing cementitious material. A finite element model was developed to study the compatibility requirements for the capsule and the cementing material properties while the cement undergoes volume change due to hydration and/or drying. The FE results have provided insights into the observed inconsistencies and the importance of having capsules' mechanical and geometrical properties compatible with the cementitious matrix.
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6
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Goyal M, Agarwal SN, Bhatnagar N. A review on self‐healing polymers for applications in spacecraft and construction of roads. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Goyal
- Department of Chemistry Manipal University Jaipur Jaipur India
| | | | - Nitu Bhatnagar
- Department of Chemistry Manipal University Jaipur Jaipur India
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Da Costa SF, Zuber M, Zakharova M, Mikhaylov A, Baumbach T, Kunka D, Pezzin SH. Self‐healing triggering mechanism in epoxy‐based material containing microencapsulated amino‐polysiloxane. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferreira Da Costa
- Center of Technological Sciences State University of Santa Catarina R. Paulo Malschitzki, 200 ‐ Zona Industrial Norte Joinville SC 89219‐710 Brazil
- Institute of Microstructure Technology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopodshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Marcus Zuber
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen D‐76344 Germany
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Kaiserstr. 12 Karlsruhe D‐76131 Germany
| | - Margarita Zakharova
- Institute of Microstructure Technology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopodshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Andrey Mikhaylov
- Institute of Microstructure Technology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopodshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Tilo Baumbach
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen D‐76344 Germany
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Kaiserstr. 12 Karlsruhe D‐76131 Germany
| | - Danays Kunka
- Institute of Microstructure Technology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopodshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Sergio Henrique Pezzin
- Center of Technological Sciences State University of Santa Catarina R. Paulo Malschitzki, 200 ‐ Zona Industrial Norte Joinville SC 89219‐710 Brazil
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Nik Md Noordin Kahar NNF, Osman AF, Alosime E, Arsat N, Mohammad Azman NA, Syamsir A, Itam Z, Abdul Hamid ZA. The Versatility of Polymeric Materials as Self-Healing Agents for Various Types of Applications: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1194. [PMID: 33917177 PMCID: PMC8067859 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The versatility of polymeric materials as healing agents to prevent any structure failure and their ability to restore their initial mechanical properties has attracted interest from many researchers. Various applications of the self-healing polymeric materials are explored in this paper. The mechanism of self-healing, which includes the extrinsic and intrinsic approaches for each of the applications, is examined. The extrinsic mechanism involves the introduction of external healing agents such as microcapsules and vascular networks into the system. Meanwhile, the intrinsic mechanism refers to the inherent reversibility of the molecular interaction of the polymer matrix, which is triggered by the external stimuli. Both self-healing mechanisms have shown a significant impact on the cracked properties of the damaged sites. This paper also presents the different types of self-healing polymeric materials applied in various applications, which include electronics, coating, aerospace, medicals, and construction fields. It is expected that this review gives a significantly broader idea of self-healing polymeric materials and their healing mechanisms in various types of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Nur Farisha Nik Md Noordin Kahar
- School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia; (N.N.F.N.M.N.K.); (N.A.)
| | - Azlin Fazlina Osman
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia;
- Biomedical and Nanotechnology Research Group, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Eid Alosime
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Najihah Arsat
- School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia; (N.N.F.N.M.N.K.); (N.A.)
| | | | - Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor 43000, Malaysia;
| | - Zarina Itam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor 43000, Malaysia;
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia; (N.N.F.N.M.N.K.); (N.A.)
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9
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Du W, Liu Q, Lin R, Su X. Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Wax/Epoxy Resin Microcapsules for Self-Healing of Cementitious Materials. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071725. [PMID: 33807448 PMCID: PMC8037595 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-healing of cracks in cementitious materials using healing agents encapsulated in microcapsules is an intelligent and effective method. In this study, microcapsules were prepared by the melt–dispersion–condensation method using microcrystalline wax as the shell and E-51 epoxy resin as the healing agent. The effects of preparation process parameters and microcrystalline wax/E-51 epoxy resin weight ratio on the core content, particle size distribution, thermal properties, morphology, and chemical composition of microcapsules were investigated. The results indicated that the optimal parameters of the microcapsule were microcrystalline wax/E-51 epoxy resin weight ratio of 1:1.2, stirring speed of 900 rpm, and preparation temperature of 105 °C. The effects of microcapsules on pore size distribution, pore structure, mechanical properties, permeability, and ultrasonic amplitude of mortar were determined, and the self-healing ability of mortar with different contents of microcapsules was evaluated. The optimal content of microcapsules in mortars was 4% of the cement weight, and the surface cracks of mortar containing microcapsules with an initial width of 0.28 mm were self-healed within three days, indicating that microcapsules have excellent self-healing ability for cementitious materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Correspondence: (W.D.); (X.S.)
| | - Quantao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Runsheng Lin
- College of Engineering, Department of Architectural Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 200-701, Korea;
| | - Xin Su
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Correspondence: (W.D.); (X.S.)
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10
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Farshi Azhar F, Ahmadinia A, Mohammadjafari Sadeghi A. Modified self-healing cementitious materials based on epoxy and calcium nitrate microencapsulation. J Microencapsul 2021; 38:203-217. [PMID: 33587668 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2021.1887382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was conducted to utilise the effective self-healing system to regain the mechanical properties of the cementitious materials containing micro-cracks. METHODS Storing epoxy and calcium nitrate as healing agents was performed by microencapsulation in the urea-formaldehyde shell. The microcapsules were characterised by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetric, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Cementitious samples were prepared by mortar mixing with various amounts of microcapsules (0, 1, 3 and 6% w/w). The healing potential of microcapsules was analysed based on the recovery rate of the mechanical properties. RESULTS The obtained microcapsules have an outer rough surface, suitable diameter (1-100 μm) and shell thickness (0.2-0.6 µm), and remarkable thermal stability (up to 260 °C). Mechanical test results exhibit that created micro-cracks were healed completely and regained the recovery rates over 100%. CONCLUSION The prepared microcapsules besides enhancing thermal stability, demonstrate a high performance in microcracks sealing to improve durability of cementitious materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Farshi Azhar
- Applied Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aylin Ahmadinia
- Applied Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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Ahmad SU, Li B, Sun J, Arbab S, Dong Z, Cheng F, Zhou X, Mahfuz S, Zhang J. Recent advances in microencapsulation of drugs for veterinary applications. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:298-312. [PMID: 33438767 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Microencapsulation is a process where very minute droplets or particles of solid or liquid or gas are trapped with a polymer to isolate the internal core material from external environmental hazards. Microencapsulation is applied mostly for flavor masking, fortification, and sustained and control release. It improves palatability, absorption, and bioavailability of drugs with good conformity. Microencapsulation has been widely studied in numerous drug delivery systems for human health. The application of microcapsules in the veterinary pharmaceutical sciences is increasing day by day. The treatment systems for humans and animals are likely to be similar, but more complex in the veterinary field due to the diversity of the species, breeds, body size, biotransformation rate, and other factors associated with animal physiology. Commercially viable, economically profitable, and therapeutically effective microencapsulated vaccine, anthelmintic, antibacterial, and other therapeutics have a great demand for livestock and poultry production. Nowadays, researchers emphasize the controlled and sustained-release dosage form of drugs in the veterinary field. This paper has highlighted the microencapsulation materials, preparation techniques, characteristics, roles, and the application of microcapsules in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Uddin Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jichao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Safia Arbab
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fusheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuzheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shad Mahfuz
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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12
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Peng G, Sun Y, Dou G, Hu Y, Jiang W, Zhang T. Microcompression Method for Determining the Size-Dependent Elastic Properties of PMMA Microcapsules Containing n-Octadecane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5176-5185. [PMID: 32340458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate evaluation of the shell elastic modulus of microcapsules is of great significance to understanding their performance during production, processing, and applications. In this work, microcompression was employed to investigate the elastic behaviors of a single microcapsule. It was modeled as a microsphere with a core-shell structure compressed between two rigid plates. Based on the assumption that the contact pressure between the microsphere and plates obeys parabolic distribution, a microcompression method derived from the Reissner's theory and the modified Hertz contact theory was established to evaluate the shell elastic modulus. Applications were carried out on poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) microcapsules containing n-octadecane. The average elastic modulus of PMMA shells measured by the proposed microcompression method agrees well with that of the bulk PMMA sample. Furthermore, the elastic modulus of PMMA shells was found to have size dependence on the diameter of the microcapsules. Finally, finite element models combined with the newly proposed method were constructed to accurately predict the microcompression behaviors of microcapsules with different sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Peng
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Key Laboratory of E&M, Zhejiang University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiheng Sun
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guijing Dou
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yahao Hu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Weifeng Jiang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Taihua Zhang
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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13
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Ren Y, Abbas N, Zhu G, Tang J. Synthesis and mechanical properties of large size silica shell microcapsules for self-healing cementitious materials. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Ren Y, Zhu G, Tang J. Synthesis of cement shell microcapsules via W/O Pickering emulsions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Feng Y, Lee Y. Microfluidic fabrication of wrinkled protein microcapsules and their nanomechanical properties affected by protein secondary structure. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Effect of a Healing Agent on the Curing Reaction Kinetics and Its Mechanism in a Self-Healing System. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8112241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-healing cementitious composites have been developed by using microcapsules. In this study, the effect of the healing agent on the crosslinking and curing reaction kinetics was analyzed. The effect of the diluent n-butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) on the reaction was investigated for five fractions, namely 10.0%, 12.5%, 15.0%, 17.5%, and 20.0% mass fractions to epoxy resin. The Kissinger and Crane equations were used to obtain the activation energy and reaction order with different mass fractions of diluent, as well as the kinetic parameters of the curing reaction. The optimal fraction of BGE was determined as 17.5%. Likewise, the effect of the curing agent MC120D on the reaction kinetics was investigated for 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% mass fractions to the diluted epoxy resin. The optimal fraction was determined as 20%. The mechanism of the curing reaction with the healing agent was investigated. The infrared spectra of the cured products of 20% MC120D with BGE/E51 (0.0%, 12.5%, 15.0%, 20.0%, 100%) were analyzed. It is shown that not only the epoxy resin E-51 was cured, but also that the BGE was involved in the cross-linking reaction of the epoxy resin E-51 with MC120D.
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Lv L, Schlangen E, Xing F. Self-Sealing Cementitious Materials by Using Water-Swelling Rubber Particles. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10080979. [PMID: 28829384 PMCID: PMC5578345 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Water ingress into cracked concrete structures is a serious problem, as it can cause leakage and reinforcement corrosion and thus reduce functionality and safety of the structures. In this study, the application of water-swelling rubber particles for providing the cracked concrete a self-sealing function was developed. The feasibility of applying water-swelling rubber particles and the influence of incorporating water-swelling rubber particles on the mechanical properties of concrete was investigated. The self-sealing efficiency of water-swelling rubber particles with different content and particle size was quantified through a permeability test. The sealing effect of the water swelling rubber particles was monitored by X-ray computed tomography. The experimental results show that, by using 6% of these water swelling rubber particles as a replacement of aggregates in concrete, up to 64% and 61% decrease of water permeability was realized for 0.7 mm and 1.0 mm cracks. Furthermore, when the concrete cracks, the water swelling rubber particles can act as a crack bridging filler, preventing the crack from fully separating the specimens in two pieces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyang Lv
- Micromechanics Laboratory (MICROLAB), Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Erik Schlangen
- Micromechanics Laboratory (MICROLAB), Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Feng Xing
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Šavija B, Zhang H, Schlangen E. Influence of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material (PCM) Addition on (Micro) Mechanical Properties of Cement Paste. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E863. [PMID: 28773225 PMCID: PMC5578229 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Excessive cracking can be a serious durability problem for reinforced concrete structures. In recent years, addition of microencapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) to concrete has been proposed as a possible solution to crack formation related to temperature gradients. However, the addition of PCM microcapsules to cementitious materials can have some drawbacks, mainly related to strength reduction. In this work, a range of experimental techniques has been used to characterize the microcapsules and their effect on properties of composite cement pastes. On the capsule level, it was shown that they are spherical, enabling good distribution in the material during the mixing process. Force needed to break the microcapsules was shown to depend on the capsule diameter and the temperature, i.e., whether it is below or above the phase change temperature. On the cement paste level, a marked drop of compressive strength with increasing PCM inclusion level was observed. The indentation modulus has also shown to decrease, probably due to the capsules themselves, and to a lesser extent due to changes in porosity caused by their inclusion. Finally, a novel micro-cube splitting technique was used to characterize the tensile strength of the material on the micro-meter length scale. It was shown that the strength decreases with increasing PCM inclusion percentage, but this is accompanied by a decrease in measurement variability. This study will contribute to future developments of cementitious composites incorporating phase change materials for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Šavija
- Microlab, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Hongzhi Zhang
- Microlab, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik Schlangen
- Microlab, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands.
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Research Advances of Microencapsulation and Its Prospects in the Petroleum Industry. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10040369. [PMID: 28772728 PMCID: PMC5506935 DOI: 10.3390/ma10040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Additives in the petroleum industry have helped form an efficient system in the past few decades. Nowadays, the development of oil and gas has been facing more adverse conditions, and smart response microcapsules with the abilities of self-healing, and delayed and targeted release are introduced to eliminate obstacles for further exploration in the petroleum industry. However, limited information is available, only that of field measurement data, and not mechanism theory and structural innovation data. Thus we propose that the basic type, preparation, as well as mechanism of microcapsules partly depend on other mature fields. In this review, we explore the latest advancements in evaluating microcapsules, such as X-ray computed tomography (XCT), simulation, and modeling. Finally, some novel microencapsulated additives with unparalleled advantages, such as flexibility, efficiency, and energy-conservation are described.
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