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Le-McClain A, Zanelotti C, Robert H, Casanova F. Analysis of complex mixtures with benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance: Solvent suppression with T 2 and diffusion filters. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:497-504. [PMID: 38369688 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers are being employed in a wide variety of applications from undergraduate teaching and research in academia to quality control and process monitoring in industrial settings. Incorporating benchtop NMR in some of these applications presents opportunities for new practical uses of the technology and challenges that truly test the capabilities of compact NMR spectrometers. For instance, the use of protonated solvents in manufacturing or process monitoring requires separating and quantitating the analyte signals of interest from the strong (overwhelming) response from the solvents. Furthermore, due to the lower field strength available with permanent magnet spectrometers, the NMR spectra of complex mixtures can be more difficult to analyze due to partial or complete signal overlap. To address some of these challenges and to extend the range of applications of benchtop NMR, we investigate NMR techniques that enable quantitative analysis of different components in mixtures. These pulse sequences can be used to suppress one or multiple solvent peaks, to filter out signals by spin-spin relaxation time (T2), or to separate signal components by a molecule's diffusion coefficient (NMR diffusometry). In this paper, we discuss quantitative analysis of excipients in buffers for therapeutic proteins to highlight the usefulness of these NMR pulse sequences in the analysis of complex samples with benchtop NMR spectrometers.
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Ghini V, Meoni G, Vignoli A, Di Cesare F, Tenori L, Turano P, Luchinat C. Fingerprinting and profiling in metabolomics of biosamples. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 138-139:105-135. [PMID: 38065666 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on metabolomics from an NMR point of view. It attempts to cover the broad scope of metabolomics and describes the NMR experiments that are most suitable for each sample type. It is addressed not only to NMR specialists, but to all researchers who wish to approach metabolomics with a clear idea of what they wish to achieve but not necessarily with a deep knowledge of NMR. For this reason, some technical parts may seem a bit naïve to the experts. The review starts by describing standard metabolomics procedures, which imply the use of a dedicated 600 MHz instrument and of four properly standardized 1D experiments. Standardization is a must if one wants to directly compare NMR results obtained in different labs. A brief mention is also made of standardized pre-analytical procedures, which are even more essential. Attention is paid to the distinction between fingerprinting and profiling, and the advantages and disadvantages of fingerprinting are clarified. This aspect is often not fully appreciated. Then profiling, and the associated problems of signal assignment and quantitation, are discussed. We also describe less conventional approaches, such as the use of different magnetic fields, the use of signal enhancement techniques to increase sensitivity, and the potential of field-shuttling NMR. A few examples of biomedical applications are also given, again with the focus on NMR techniques that are most suitable to achieve each particular goal, including a description of the most common heteronuclear experiments. Finally, the growing applications of metabolomics to foodstuffs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ghini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gaia Meoni
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessia Vignoli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Cesare
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Leonardo Tenori
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paola Turano
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Giotto Biotech S.r.l., Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Nayila I, Sharif S, Lodhi MS, Rehman MFU, Aman F. Synthesis, characterization and anti-breast cancer potential of an incensole acetate nanoemulsion from Catharanthus roseus essential oil; in silico, in vitro, and in vivo study. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32335-32362. [PMID: 37928847 PMCID: PMC10621725 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of phytocompounds and essential oils have undergone extensive research in the medical and pharmaceutical sectors due to their extensive usage. In spite of the fact that these molecules are widely used, terpenes, terpenoids, and their derivatives have not yet been well characterized. This study intends to evaluate the prospective activity of incensole acetate (IA), a compound identified and isolated from Catharanthus roseus essential oil by GC/MS analysis and column chromatography, and to analyze the anticancer effect of an IA biosynthesized nanoemulsion against breast cancer. The in silico activity of IA against breast cancer targets was observed by molecular docking, ADMET assessment and molecular dynamics simulations. The IA-mediated nanoformulation exhibited cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines at an effective concentration when analyzed by MTT and crystal violet assay. The increased interleukin serum indicators were significantly improved as a result of nanoemulsion treatment in a DMBA-induced rat model. In addition, the anticancer properties of IA biosynthesized nanoemulsion are supported due to their potential effects on biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers, proinflammatory cytokines, and upon tumor growth profiling in cancer-induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat Nayila
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Sharif
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan
| | - Madeeha Shahzad Lodhi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan
| | | | - Farhana Aman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore Sargodha Campus Sargodha Pakistan
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Tang B, Chong K, Ragauskas AJ, Evans R. Quantitative Low-Field 19 F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Carbonyl Groups in Pyrolysis Oils. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300625. [PMID: 37318880 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis bio-oils, one of the products of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis, have the potential to be widely used as fuels. The chemical composition of bio-oils is very complicated as they contain hundreds, if not thousands, of different, mostly oxygen-containing, compounds with a wide distribution of physical properties, chemical structures, and concentrations. Detailed knowledge of bio-oil composition is crucial for optimizing both the pyrolysis processes and for any subsequent upgrading into a more viable fuel resource. Here we report the successful use of low-field, or benchtop, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers in the analysis of pyrolysis oils. Pyrolysis oils from four different feedstocks were derivatized and analyzed using 19 F NMR techniques. The NMR results compare favorably with titrations for total carbonyl content. In addition, the benchtop NMR spectrometer proves able to reveal key spectral features, thus allowing the quantification of different carbonyl groups, such as aldehydes, ketones and quinones. Benchtop NMR spectrometers are typically compact, cheaper than their superconducting counterparts and do not require cryogens. Their use will make NMR analysis of pyrolysis oils easier and more accessible to a wide range of different potential users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Tang
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Katie Chong
- Energy and Bioproducts Research Institute, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, United States
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37771, United States
| | - Robert Evans
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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Alonso-Moreno P, Rodriguez I, Izquierdo-Garcia JL. Benchtop NMR-Based Metabolomics: First Steps for Biomedical Application. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050614. [PMID: 37233655 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics is a valuable tool for identifying biomarkers and understanding the underlying metabolic changes associated with various diseases. However, the translation of metabolomics analysis to clinical practice has been limited by the high cost and large size of traditional high-resolution NMR spectrometers. Benchtop NMR, a compact and low-cost alternative, offers the potential to overcome these limitations and facilitate the wider use of NMR-based metabolomics in clinical settings. This review summarizes the current state of benchtop NMR for clinical applications where benchtop NMR has demonstrated the ability to reproducibly detect changes in metabolite levels associated with diseases such as type 2 diabetes and tuberculosis. Benchtop NMR has been used to identify metabolic biomarkers in a range of biofluids, including urine, blood plasma and saliva. However, further research is needed to optimize the use of benchtop NMR for clinical applications and to identify additional biomarkers that can be used to monitor and manage a range of diseases. Overall, benchtop NMR has the potential to revolutionize the way metabolomics is used in clinical practice, providing a more accessible and cost-effective way to study metabolism and identify biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alonso-Moreno
- NMR and Imaging in Biomedicine Group, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rodriguez
- NMR and Imaging in Biomedicine Group, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Izquierdo-Garcia
- NMR and Imaging in Biomedicine Group, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Chen R, Singh P, Su S, Kocalar S, Wang X, Mandava N, Venkatesan S, Ferguson A, Rao A, Le E, Rojas C, Njoo E. Benchtop 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy Provides Mechanistic Insight into the Biginelli Condensation toward the Chemical Synthesis of Novel Trifluorinated Dihydro- and Tetrahydropyrimidinones as Antiproliferative Agents. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10545-10554. [PMID: 36969393 PMCID: PMC10034998 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has enabled the monitoring and optimization of chemical transformations while simultaneously providing kinetic, mechanistic, and structural insight into reaction pathways with quantitative precision. Moreover, benchtop NMR proton lock capabilities further allow for rapid and convenient monitoring of various organic reactions in real time, as the use of deuterated solvents is not required. The complementary role of 19F NMR-based kinetic monitoring in the fluorination of bioactive compounds has many benefits in the drug discovery process since fluorinated motifs additionally improve drug pharmacology. In this study, 19F NMR spectroscopy was utilized to monitor the synthesis of novel trifluorinated analogs of monastrol, a small molecule dihydropyrimidinone kinesin-Eg5 inhibitor, and to probe the mechanism of the Biginelli cyclocondensation, a multicomponent reaction used to synthesize dihydropyrimidinone and tetrahydropyrimidinones through a Bronsted- or Lewis-acid catalyzed cyclocondensation between ethyl acetoacetate, thiourea, and an aryl aldehyde. In the present study, a trifluorinated ketoester serves a dual purpose as being the source of the trifluoromethyl group in our fluorinated dihydropyrimidinones and as a spectroscopic handle for real-time reaction monitoring and tracking of reactive intermediates by 19F NMR. Further, upon extending this workflow to a diverse array of 3- and 4-substituted aryl aldehydes, we were able to derive Hammett linear free energy relationships (LFER) to determine stereoelectronic effects of para- and meta-substituted aryl aldehydes to corresponding reaction rates and mechanistic routes. In addition, we used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to corroborate our experimental results through the thermodynamic values of key intermediates in each mechanism. Finally, these studies culminate in the synthesis of a novel trifluorinated analog of monastrol and its subsequent biological evaluation in vitro. More broadly, we show an application of benchtop 19F NMR spectroscopy as an analytical tool in the real-time investigation of a mechanistically and chemically complex multicomponent reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Chen
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Pratyush Singh
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Sarah Su
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Selin Kocalar
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Xina Wang
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Neha Mandava
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Srishti Venkatesan
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Adrienne Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Aishi Rao
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Emma Le
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Casey Rojas
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Edward Njoo
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
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Quality evaluation of berberine food supplements with high-field and compact 1H NMR spectrometers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 223:115161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Napolitano JG, Yang C, Conklin B, He Y, Ochoa JL. Toward the Development of Rapid, Automated Identification Tests for Neat Organic Liquids Using Benchtop NMR Instrumentation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16095-16102. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José G. Napolitano
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cassie Yang
- Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Breanna Conklin
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yan He
- Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jessica L. Ochoa
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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The application of 19F NMR spectroscopy for the analysis of fluorinated new psychoactive substances (NPS). Forensic Sci Int 2022; 340:111450. [PMID: 36152449 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (19F NMR) served as a highly specific tool for identification of fluorinated new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as a suitable analytical method for the accurate quantification of fluorinated NPS in different seized samples. In the first part of the study, 19F NMR spectroscopy of a number of different fluorinated NPS, including 51 synthetic cannabinoids, 8 synthetic cathinones, 7 phenethylamines, 8 fentanyl analogues, and 9 other types of compounds was conducted. The chemical shifts and multiplet of the primary fluorides (RCH2F), fluorobenzenes (ortho-ArF, meta-ArF, and para-ArF), and trifluoromethylbenzenes (ArCF3) were discussed in detail to illustrate the role of 19F signals as special fingerprints in assisting the structure identification of fluorine-containing NPS. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the largest evaluation of fluorinated NPS compounds by 19F NMR. The second part of this study dealt with the problems encountered in the 19F quantification procedure and the criteria to be considered for successful quantification by 19F NMR. General high field (HF)- and low field (LF)- 19F qNMR methods for the quantification of fluorinated NPS were established after the thorough discussion of NMR spectrum acquisition and processing parameters such as: transmitter frequency offset (O1P), spin-lattice relaxation time (T1), and different baseline correction methods. The limit of quantifications (LOQs) for HF-19F qNMR varied between 0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL, and for LF-19F qNMR varied between 1.0 mg/mL and 2.0 mg/mL. The limit of detections (LODs) for HF-19F qNMR varied between 0.03 mg/mL and 0.06 mg/mL, and for LF-19F qNMR varied between 0.3 mg/mL and 0.6 mg/mL. Finally, the developed methods were applied for the quantification of fluorinated-NPS in seventeen herbal blends, e-liquid, tablet, and powder NPS seizures.
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