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Liu Y, Liu J, He J, Lu H, Sun S, Ji F, Dong X, Bao Y, Xu J, He G, Xu W. Chronological and Carbohydrate-Dependent Transformation of Fatty Acids in the Larvae of Black Soldier Fly Following Food Waste Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041903. [PMID: 36838890 PMCID: PMC9963906 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can convert food waste into insectile fatty acids (FAs), the chronological and diet-dependent transformation of larval FAs has yet to be determined. This study focused on the dynamics of larval FA profiles following food waste treatment and characterized factors that may drive FA composition and bioaccumulation. Larval FA matters peaked on Day 11 as 7.7 ± 0.7% of food waste dry matter, maintained stably from Day 11-19, and decreased slightly from Day 19-21. The BSFL primarily utilized waste carbohydrates for FA bioconversion (Day 0-11) and shifted to waste FAs (Day 7-17) when the carbohydrates were close to depletion. The optimal time window for larvae harvest was Days 17-19, which fulfilled both targets of waste oil removal and larval FA transformation. Larval FAs were dominated by C12:0, followed by C18:2, C18:1, and C16:0. The waste-reducing carbohydrate primarily accounted for larval FA bioaccumulation (r = -0.947, p < 0.001). The increase in diet carbohydrate ratio resulted in the elevation of larval C12:0 yield, which indicated that larval C12:0-FA was primarily biosynthesized from carbohydrates and further transformed from ≥C16 FAs. This study elucidates the bioaccumulation process of larval FAs for food waste treatment and highlights the importance of waste carbohydrates for both the composition and transformation of larval FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Junliang Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jinwen He
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Hongxu Lu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Shibo Sun
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Fengyun Ji
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yongming Bao
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (W.X.)
| | - Gaohong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (W.X.)
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Symmetrizable Boolean networks. Inf Sci (N Y) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2023.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Set Stability and Set Stabilization of Boolean Control Networks Avoiding Undesirable Set. MATHEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/math9222864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The traditional set stability of Boolean networks (BNs) refers to whether all the states can converge to a given state subset. Different from the existing results, the set stability investigated in this paper is whether all states in a given initial set can converge to a given destination set. This paper studies the set stability and set stabilization avoiding undesirable sets of BNs and Boolean control networks (BCNs), respectively. First, by virtue of the semi-tensor product (STP) of matrices, the dynamics of BNs avoiding a given undesirable set are established. Then, the set reachability and set stability of BNs from the initial set to destination set avoiding an undesirable set are investigated, respectively. Furthermore, the set stabilization of BCNs from the initial set to destination set avoiding a given undesirable set are investigated. Finally, a design method for finding the time optimal set stabilizer is proposed, and an example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the results.
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