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Zulkifli SZ, Pungot NH, Saaidin AS, Jani NA, Mohammat MF. Synthesis and diverse biological activities of substituted indole β-carbolines: a review. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37770197 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2261141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
β-Carboline bearing indole is one of the heterocyclic compounds that play a vital role in medicinal chemistry with various pharmacological effects such as anticancer, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammation, antimalarial, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant. Over the last two decades, many studies on the synthesis and biological activity of indole β-carboline compounds have been conducted yet there is no appropriate data summary has been presented. Thus, the goal of this review was to highlight the synthesis pathway and bioactivity of substituted indole β-carboline reported from 2005 to date. In addition, this will encourage further investigation into the synthesis and evaluation of new indole β-carboline, in the hope of contributing to the development of potentially new medications for the treatment of various ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Zafirah Zulkifli
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hidayah Pungot
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aimi Suhaily Saaidin
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Akmalazura Jani
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fazli Mohammat
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Sun H, Sun K, Sun J. Recent Advances of Marine Natural Indole Products in Chemical and Biological Aspects. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052204. [PMID: 36903451 PMCID: PMC10005763 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocean has always been one of the important sources of natural products. In recent years, many natural products with different structures and biological activities have been obtained, and their value has been clearly recognized. Researchers have been deeply engaged in the field of separation and extraction, derivative synthesis, structural studies, biological evaluation, and other fields of research for marine natural products. Thus, a series of marine indole natural products which have structural and biological prospect have caught our eyes. In this review, we summarize some of these marine indole natural products with relatively good pharmacological activity and research value, and discuss issues concerning chemistry, pharmacological activity, biological evaluation, and synthesis, including monomeric indoles, indole peptides, bis-indoles, and annelated indoles. Most of the compounds have cytotoxic, antiviral, antifungal, or anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Sun
- School of Parmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Materia Medical, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Kangping Sun
- School of Parmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Materia Medical, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Jingyong Sun
- School of Parmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Materia Medical, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
- Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Discases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-531-59567209
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3
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Araújo TAT, de Souza A, Santana AF, Braga ARC, Custódio MR, Simões FR, Araújo GM, Miranda A, Alves F, Granito RN, Yu N, Renno ACM. Comparison of Different Methods for Spongin-like Collagen Extraction from Marine Sponges ( Chondrilla caribensis and Aplysina fulva): Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Biological Analysis. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11070522. [PMID: 34357172 PMCID: PMC8304306 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare different protocols (Protocol 1: P1; Protocol 2: P2; Protocol 3: P3; Protocol 4: P4) for the extraction of spongin-like collagen (SC) from marine sponges. The SEM micrographs demonstrated a fibrillar structure for the extracts from Chondrilla caribensis and the nodular/particulate aggregates for Aplysina fulva. FTIR showed for all samples peaks similar to collagen for both species. For C. caribensis, the extracts obtained using P2, P3, and P4 protocols presented higher values of extraction yield, TPQ, and GAGs. P2 and P4 showed higher values of SC concentration and for antioxidant analysis. For A. fulva, P2, P3, and P4 provided a higher extraction yield besides an increase in the antioxidant assay. For both species, no difference was observed for Col quantification and TPQ analysis; also, higher values of GAGs were found using P2 and P4. Fibroblast proliferation observed for C. caribensis was lower for P1 on day 1 and for P2 and P3 on day 3 (for 50%) compared to the control group. There was a significant reduction in fibroblast cell proliferation for all A. fulva extracts evaluated. It can be concluded that protocols P2 and P4 were more efficient for extracting SC from C. caribensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago A. T. Araújo
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11015-220, SP, Brazil; (A.d.S.); (A.F.S.); (A.R.C.B.); (R.N.G.); (A.C.M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-1398848-9279
| | - Amanda de Souza
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11015-220, SP, Brazil; (A.d.S.); (A.F.S.); (A.R.C.B.); (R.N.G.); (A.C.M.R.)
| | - Alan F. Santana
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11015-220, SP, Brazil; (A.d.S.); (A.F.S.); (A.R.C.B.); (R.N.G.); (A.C.M.R.)
| | - Anna Rafaela C. Braga
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11015-220, SP, Brazil; (A.d.S.); (A.F.S.); (A.R.C.B.); (R.N.G.); (A.C.M.R.)
| | - Márcio R. Custódio
- Laboratory of Marine Invertebrates Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil;
| | - Fábio R. Simões
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11070-100, SP, Brazil; (F.R.S.); (G.M.A.)
| | - Gabriela M. Araújo
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11070-100, SP, Brazil; (F.R.S.); (G.M.A.)
| | - Antônio Miranda
- Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil; (A.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Flávio Alves
- Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil; (A.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Renata N. Granito
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11015-220, SP, Brazil; (A.d.S.); (A.F.S.); (A.R.C.B.); (R.N.G.); (A.C.M.R.)
| | - Na Yu
- National Dental Centre Singapore, 5 Second Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168938, Singapore;
| | - Ana Claudia M. Renno
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11015-220, SP, Brazil; (A.d.S.); (A.F.S.); (A.R.C.B.); (R.N.G.); (A.C.M.R.)
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A comprehensive overview of β-carbolines and its derivatives as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113688. [PMID: 34332400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
β-Carboline alkaloids are a family of natural and synthetic products with structural diversity and outstanding antitumor activities. This review summarizes research developments of β-carboline and its derivatives as anticancer agents, which focused on both natural and synthetic monomers as well as dimers. In addition, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of β-carboline monomers and dimers are summarized and mechanism of action of β-carboline and its derivatives are also presented. A few possible research directions, suggestions and clues for future work on the development of novel β-carboline-based anticancer agents with improved expected activities and lesser toxicity are also provided.
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Discovery of cytotoxic natural products from Red Sea sponges: Structure and synthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113491. [PMID: 33940466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Marine ecosystem continues to produce a great wealth of molecules endowed with cytotoxic activity towards a large panel of tumor cells. Marine sponges, apparently defenseless organisms are endowed through evolution with a range of cytotoxic metabolites for self protection against predators and space competition. Interestingly, high biodiversity of sponges with Demospongiae and Calcarea species that have yielded numerous bioactive compounds have been accorded in different regions of the Red Sea. This review for the first time provides a comprehensive overview of 123 cytotoxic agents derived from Red Sea sponges with diverse chemical structures covered till mid 2020 showing activities ranging from mildly active to very active against different panels of cancer cell lines. It has been divided according to the different classes of compounds including alkaloids, terpenoids (sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, sesterterpenes, norsesterterpenes), peptides and macrolides, lipids (steroids, fatty acids/amides and glycerides) etc. The enhancement in the cytotoxicity with respect to the molecular structure changes have been described in detail. We have also accounted for the total synthesis of cytotoxic molecules, subereamolline A, aerothionin, asmarine B, norrsolide and latrunculin B showing interesting activity against different cancer cell lines.
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6
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Raju P, Saravanan V, Pavunkumar V, Mohanakrishnan AK. Pd(0)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Heck reaction of 2/3-Aryl(amino)methyl-3/2-bromoindoles: Syntheses of 3,4-Benzo[ c]-β-carbolines, Benzo[4,5]isothiazolo[2,3- a]indole 5,5-Dioxides, and 1,2-Benzo[ a]-γ-carbolines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1925-1937. [PMID: 33395298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One-pot synthesis of 3,4-benzo[c]-β-carbolines was achieved from 2-aryl(tosylamino)methyl-3-bromoindoles via 10 mol % Pd(OAc)2/PPh3-mediated intramolecular Heck coupling using K2CO3 as a base in DMF at 110 °C with concomitant aromatization through an elimination of tosylsulfinic acid. Under identical conditions, the isomeric 3-aryl(tosylamino)methyl-2-bromoindoles upon intramolecular Heck reaction furnished benzo[4,5]isothiazolo[2,3-a]indole 5,5-dioxides instead of the expected γ-carbolines. However, synthesis of the expected γ-carboline framework, 3-tosyl-6,9-dihydro-1,2-benzo[a]-γ-carbolines, could be achieved from 3-aryl(tosylamino)methyl-2-bromoindoles containing a mesitylene sulfonyl unit as a protecting group on the indole nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Potharaju Raju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velu Saravanan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinayagam Pavunkumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arasambattu K Mohanakrishnan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Abdelaleem ER, Samy MN, Desoukey SY, Liu M, Quinn RJ, Abdelmohsen UR. Marine natural products from sponges (Porifera) of the order Dictyoceratida (2013 to 2019); a promising source for drug discovery. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34959-34976. [PMID: 35514397 PMCID: PMC9056847 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04408c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms have been considered an interesting target for the discovery of different classes of secondary natural products with wide-ranging biological activities. Sponges which belong to the order Dictyoceratida are distinctly classified into 5 families: Dysideidae, Irciniidae, Spongiidae, Thorectidae, and Verticilliitidae. In this review, compounds isolated from Dictyoceratida sponges were discussed with their biological potential within the period 2013 to December 2019. Moreover, analysis of the physicochemical properties of these marine natural products was investigated and the results showed that 78% of the compounds have oral bioavailability potential. This review highlights sponges of the order Dictyoceratida as exciting source for discovery of new drug leads. Marine organisms have been considered an interesting target for the discovery of different classes of secondary natural products with wide-ranging biological activities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mamdouh Nabil Samy
- Department of Pharmacognosy
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Minia University
- 61519 Minia
- Egypt
| | | | - Miaomiao Liu
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery
- Griffith University Brisbane
- 4111 Australia
| | - Ronald J. Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery
- Griffith University Brisbane
- 4111 Australia
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8
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Ghosh A, Grosvenor AJ, Dyer JM. Marine Spongia collagens: Protein characterization and evaluation of hydrogel films. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Ghosh
- Food and Bio‐based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd 1365 Springs Road, Lincoln 7674 New Zealand
| | - Anita J. Grosvenor
- Food and Bio‐based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd 1365 Springs Road, Lincoln 7674 New Zealand
| | - Jolon M. Dyer
- Food and Bio‐based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd 1365 Springs Road, Lincoln 7674 New Zealand
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9
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Novanna M, Ethiraj K, Kannadasan S. An Overview of Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Hyrtios Species. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:194-205. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666181102110537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marine sponges are a rich source of more than 50% of marine natural compounds that have
been isolated from marine organisms. This review article is focused on the importance of biologically
active and pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites extracted from one of the important
classes of marine sponge Hyrtios sp. This review also deals with reported synthetic routes of some indole
alkaloids extracted from the marine sponge Hyrtios sp. A range of bioactivities displayed by
indole-based alkaloids is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Novanna
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K.R. Ethiraj
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Kannadasan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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10
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Wooster MK, Voigt O, Erpenbeck D, Wörheide G, Berumen ML. Sponges of the Red Sea. CORAL REEFS OF THE RED SEA 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05802-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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11
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BluePharmTrain: Biology and Biotechnology of Marine Sponges. GRAND CHALLENGES IN MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69075-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Choudhary A, Naughton LM, Montánchez I, Dobson ADW, Rai DK. Current Status and Future Prospects of Marine Natural Products (MNPs) as Antimicrobials. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15090272. [PMID: 28846659 PMCID: PMC5618411 DOI: 10.3390/md15090272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine environment is a rich source of chemically diverse, biologically active natural products, and serves as an invaluable resource in the ongoing search for novel antimicrobial compounds. Recent advances in extraction and isolation techniques, and in state-of-the-art technologies involved in organic synthesis and chemical structure elucidation, have accelerated the numbers of antimicrobial molecules originating from the ocean moving into clinical trials. The chemical diversity associated with these marine-derived molecules is immense, varying from simple linear peptides and fatty acids to complex alkaloids, terpenes and polyketides, etc. Such an array of structurally distinct molecules performs functionally diverse biological activities against many pathogenic bacteria and fungi, making marine-derived natural products valuable commodities, particularly in the current age of antimicrobial resistance. In this review, we have highlighted several marine-derived natural products (and their synthetic derivatives), which have gained recognition as effective antimicrobial agents over the past five years (2012–2017). These natural products have been categorized based on their chemical structures and the structure-activity mediated relationships of some of these bioactive molecules have been discussed. Finally, we have provided an insight into how genome mining efforts are likely to expedite the discovery of novel antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Choudhary
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland.
| | - Lynn M Naughton
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork City T12 YN60, Ireland.
| | - Itxaso Montánchez
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork City T12 YN60, Ireland.
| | - Dilip K Rai
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland.
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He F, Mai LH, Gardères J, Hussain A, Erakovic Haber V, Bourguet-Kondracki ML. Major Antimicrobial Representatives from Marine Sponges and/or Their Associated Bacteria. BLUE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 55:35-89. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51284-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Computational study on the synthesis of 1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-β-carboline: T3P®-promoted one-pot formation from tryptamine vs. POCl3-mediated ring closure of Nb-benzoyltryptamine. The first DFT investigation of the Bischler-Napieralski reaction. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Synthetic study on the T3P®-promoted one-pot preparation of 1-substituted-3,4-dihydro-β-carbolines by the reaction of tryptamine with carboxylic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Cleary DFR, de Voogd NJ, Polónia ARM, Freitas R, Gomes NCM. Composition and Predictive Functional Analysis of Bacterial Communities in Seawater, Sediment and Sponges in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:889-903. [PMID: 26072397 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used a 16S rRNA gene barcoded pyrosequencing approach to sample bacterial communities from six biotopes, namely, seawater, sediment and four sponge species (Stylissa carteri, Stylissa massa, Xestospongia testudinaria and Hyrtios erectus) inhabiting coral reefs of the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Samples were collected along a pronounced onshore to offshore environmental gradient. Our goals were to (1) compare higher taxon abundance among biotopes, (2) test to what extent variation in bacterial composition can be explained by the biotope versus environment, (3) identify dominant (>300 sequences) bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and their closest known relatives and (4) assign putative functions to the sponge bacterial communities using a recently developed predictive metagenomic approach. We observed marked differences in bacterial composition and the relative abundance of the most abundant phyla, classes and orders among sponge species, seawater and sediment. Although all biotopes housed compositionally distinct bacterial communities, there were three prominent clusters. These included (1) both Stylissa species and seawater, (2) X. testudinaria and H. erectus and (3) sediment. Bacterial communities sampled from the same biotope, but different environments (based on proximity to the coast) were much more similar than bacterial communities from different biotopes in the same environment. The biotope thus appears to be a much more important structuring force than the surrounding environment. There were concomitant differences in the predicted counts of KEGG orthologs (KOs) suggesting that bacterial communities housed in different sponge species, sediment and seawater perform distinct functions. In particular, the bacterial communities of both Stylissa species were predicted to be enriched for KOs related to chemotaxis, nitrification and denitrification whereas bacterial communities in X. testudinaria and H. erectus were predicted to be enriched for KOs related to the toxin-antitoxin (TA) system, nutrient starvation and heavy metal export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F R Cleary
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Nicole J de Voogd
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana R M Polónia
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rossana Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Newton C M Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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17
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2013 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 982 citations (644 for the period January to December 2013) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1163 for 2013), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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18
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Azman AS, Othman I, Velu SS, Chan KG, Lee LH. Mangrove rare actinobacteria: taxonomy, natural compound, and discovery of bioactivity. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:856. [PMID: 26347734 PMCID: PMC4542535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria are one of the most important and efficient groups of natural metabolite producers. The genus Streptomyces have been recognized as prolific producers of useful natural compounds as they produced more than half of the naturally-occurring antibiotics isolated to-date and continue as the primary source of new bioactive compounds. Lately, Streptomyces groups isolated from different environments produced the same types of compound, possibly due to frequent genetic exchanges between species. As a result, there is a dramatic increase in demand to look for new compounds which have pharmacological properties from another group of Actinobacteria, known as rare actinobacteria; which is isolated from special environments such as mangrove. Recently, mangrove ecosystem is becoming a hot spot for studies of bioactivities and the discovery of natural products. Many novel compounds discovered from the novel rare actinobacteria have been proven as potential new drugs in medical and pharmaceutical industries such as antibiotics, antimicrobials, antibacterials, anticancer, and antifungals. This review article highlights the latest studies on the discovery of natural compounds from the novel mangrove rare actinobacteria and provides insight on the impact of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adzzie-Shazleen Azman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saraswati S Velu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract
Marine indole alkaloids comprise a large and steadily growing group of secondary metabolites. Their diverse biological activities make many compounds of this class attractive starting points for pharmaceutical development. Several marine-derived indoles were found to possess cytotoxic, antineoplastic, antibacterial and antimicrobial activities, in addition to the action on human enzymes and receptors. The newly isolated indole alkaloids of marine origin since the last comprehensive review in 2003 are reported, and biological aspects will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Netz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Ábrányi-Balogh P, Dancsó A, Frigyes D, Volk B, Keglevich G, Milen M. Convenient synthesis of 1-aryl-9H-β-carboline-3-carbaldehydes and their transformation into dihydropyrimidinone derivatives by Biginelli reaction. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Indole alkaloids from marine sources as potential leads against infectious diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:375423. [PMID: 24995289 PMCID: PMC4066687 DOI: 10.1155/2014/375423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Indole alkaloids comprise a large and complex class of natural products found in a variety of marine sources. Infectious diseases remain a major threat to public health, and in the absence of long-term protective vaccines, the control of these infectious diseases is based on a small number of chemotherapeutic agents. Furthermore, the emerging resistance against these drugs makes it urgently necessary to discover and develop new, safe and, effective anti-infective agents. In this regard, the aim of this review is to highlight indole alkaloids from marine sources which have been shown to demonstrate activity against infectious diseases.
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Ellithey MS, Lall N, Hussein AA, Meyer D. Cytotoxic and HIV-1 enzyme inhibitory activities of Red Sea marine organisms. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:77. [PMID: 24568567 PMCID: PMC3939812 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Cancer and HIV/AIDS are two of the greatest public health and humanitarian challenges facing the world today. Infection with HIV not only weakens the immune system leading to AIDS and increasing the risk of opportunistic infections, but also increases the risk of several types of cancer. The enormous biodiversity of marine habitats is mirrored by the molecular diversity of secondary metabolites found in marine animals, plants and microbes which is why this work was designed to assess the anti-HIV and cytotoxic activities of some marine organisms of the Red Sea. Methods The lipophilic fractions of methanolic extracts of thirteen marine organisms collected from the Red Sea (Egypt) were screened for cytotoxicity against two human cancer cell lines; leukaemia (U937) and cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) were used as normal non-malignant control cells. The extracts were also tested for their inhibitory activity against HIV-1 enzymes, reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR). Results Cytotoxicity results showed strong activity of the Cnidarian Litophyton arboreum against U-937 (IC50; 6.5 μg/ml ±2.3) with a selectivity index (SI) of 6.45, while the Cnidarian Sarcophyton trochliophorum showed strong activity against HeLa cells (IC50; 5.2 μg/ml ±1.2) with an SI of 2.09. Other species showed moderate to weak cytotoxicity against both cell lines. Two extracts showed potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease; these were the Cnidarian jelly fish Cassiopia andromeda (IC50; 0.84 μg/ml ±0.05) and the red algae Galaxura filamentosa (2.6 μg/ml ±1.29). It is interesting to note that the most active extracts against HIV-1 PR, C. andromeda and G. filamentosa showed no cytotoxicity in the three cell lines at the highest concentration tested (100 μg/ml). Conclusion The strong cytotoxicity of the soft corals L. arboreum and S. trochliophorum as well as the anti-PR activity of the jelly fish C. andromeda and the red algae G. filamentosa suggests the medicinal potential of crude extracts of these marine organisms.
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