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Ren X, Liu Y, Fan C, Hong H, Wu W, Zhang W, Wang Y. Production, Processing, and Protection of Microalgal n-3 PUFA-Rich Oil. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091215. [PMID: 35563938 PMCID: PMC9101592 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have been increasingly considered as a sustainable “biofactory” with huge potentials to fill up the current and future shortages of food and nutrition. They have become an economically and technologically viable solution to produce a great diversity of high-value bioactive compounds, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The n-3 PUFA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), possess an array of biological activities and positively affect a number of diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. As such, the global market of n-3 PUFA has been increasing at a fast pace in the past two decades. Nowadays, the supply of n-3 PUFA is facing serious challenges as a result of global warming and maximal/over marine fisheries catches. Although increasing rapidly in recent years, aquaculture as an alternative source of n-3 PUFA appears insufficient to meet the fast increase in consumption and market demand. Therefore, the cultivation of microalgae stands out as a potential solution to meet the shortages of the n-3 PUFA market and provides unique fatty acids for the special groups of the population. This review focuses on the biosynthesis pathways and recombinant engineering approaches that can be used to enhance the production of n-3 PUFA, the impact of environmental conditions in heterotrophic cultivation on n-3 PUFA production, and the technologies that have been applied in the food industry to extract and purify oil in microalgae and protect n-3 PUFA from oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ren
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (H.H.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-411-65864645 (X.R.); +1-902-566-7953 (Y.W.)
| | - Yanjun Liu
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (H.H.); (W.W.)
| | - Chao Fan
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (H.H.); (W.W.)
| | - Hao Hong
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (H.H.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenzhong Wu
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (H.H.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- DeOxiTech Consulting, 30 Cloverfield Court, Dartmouth, NS B2W 0B3, Canada;
| | - Yanwen Wang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-411-65864645 (X.R.); +1-902-566-7953 (Y.W.)
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2
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Smith R, Jouhet J, Gandini C, Nekrasov V, Marechal E, Napier JA, Sayanova O. Plastidial acyl carrier protein Δ9-desaturase modulates eicosapentaenoic acid biosynthesis and triacylglycerol accumulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1247-1259. [PMID: 33725374 PMCID: PMC8360179 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum accumulates up to 35% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) and has been used as a model organism to study long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis due to an excellent annotated genome sequence and established transformation system. In P. tricornutum, the majority of EPA accumulates in polar lipids, particularly in galactolipids such as mono- and di-galactosyldiacylglycerol. LC-PUFA biosynthesis is considered to start from oleic acid (18:1n9). EPA can be synthesized via a series of desaturation and elongation steps occurring at the endoplasmic reticulum and newly synthesized EPA is then imported into the plastids for incorporation into galactolipids via an unknown route. The basis for the flux of EPA is fundamental to understanding LC-PUFA biosynthesis in diatoms. We used P. tricornutum to study acyl modifying activities, upstream of 18:1n9, on subsequent LC-PUFA biosynthesis. We identified the gene coding for the plastidial acyl carrier protein Δ9-desaturase, a key enzyme in fatty acid modification and analyzed the impact of overexpression and knock out of this gene on glycerolipid metabolism. This revealed a previously unknown role of this soluble desaturase in EPA synthesis and production of triacylglycerol. This study provides further insight into the distinctive nature of lipid metabolism in the marine diatom P. tricornutum and suggests additional approaches for tailoring oil composition in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Smith
- Department of Plant SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsAL5 2JQUK
- Present address:
AlgenuityEden LaboratoryBroadmead RoadStewartbyMK43 9NDUK
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale Univ. Grenoble AlpesCNRSIRAECEAIRIGGrenoble38000France
| | - Chiara Gandini
- Department of Plant SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsAL5 2JQUK
- Present address:
Open Bioeconomy LaboratoryDepartment of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Vladimir Nekrasov
- Department of Plant SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsAL5 2JQUK
| | - Eric Marechal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale Univ. Grenoble AlpesCNRSIRAECEAIRIGGrenoble38000France
| | | | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Plant SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsAL5 2JQUK
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3
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Liu B, Sun Y, Hang W, Wang X, Xue J, Ma R, Jia X, Li R. Characterization of a Novel Acyl-ACP Δ 9 Desaturase Gene Responsible for Palmitoleic Acid Accumulation in a Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:584589. [PMID: 33391203 PMCID: PMC7772203 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoleic acid (16:1Δ9) possesses a double bond at the seventh carbon atom from methyl end of the acyl chain and belongs to unusual ω-7 monounsaturated fatty acids with broad applications in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biofuel, and other industries. This high-value fatty acid accumulates up to >40% of total lipid in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The present study was conducted to determine the key gene responsible for 16:1Δ9 biosynthesis in this unicellular alga. A new full-length cDNA and genomic DNA encoding acyl-ACP Δ9 desaturase (PtAAD) were isolated from P. tricornutum cells. Expression levels of PtAAD gene under normal and stress culture conditions were both positively correlated with 16:1Δ9 accumulation, implying its potential role for fatty acid determination. Functional complementation assay of a yeast mutant strain BY4839 evidenced that PtAAD could restore the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid, especially generating high levels of 16:1Δ9. Further transient expression of PtAAD gene in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves was accompanied by the accumulation of 16:1Δ9, which was absent from control groups. Three-dimensional structure modeling studies showed that functional domain of PtAAD contained three variant amino acids (F160, A223, and L156), which may narrow the space shape of substrate-binding cavity to ensure the entry of 16:0-ACP. Consistent with this prediction, the mutated version of PtAAD gene (F160L, A223T, and L156M) in N. benthamiana systems failed to accumulate 16:1Δ9, but increased levels of 18:1Δ9. Taken together, PtAAD exhibits a strong enzymatic activity and substrate preference for 16:0-ACP, acting as the key player for high biosynthesis and accumulation of 16:1Δ9 in this alga. These findings provide new insights for better understanding the palmitoleic acid and oil biosynthetic mechanism in P. tricornutum, indicating that PtAAD gene may have practical applications for enriching palmitoleic acid and oil yield in other commercial oleaginous algae and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Liu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wei Hang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jinai Xue
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ruiyan Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
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4
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Řezanka T, Řezanka M, Mezricky D, Vítová M. Lipidomic analysis of diatoms cultivated with silica nanoparticles. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 177:112452. [PMID: 32773085 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polar lipids from the diatoms Diadesmis gallica and Navicula atomus were separated and their structures were determined using high resolution tandem MS HILIC-LC/ESI. This method allowed us to identify 34 classes of lipids, each containing dozens of molecular species, including regioisomers. The largest differences were found in two sulfur-containing lipids, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylsulfocholine caused probably by the remodeling of lipid species. These diatoms have been found to use several mechanisms to resolve growth in extreme environments, i.e. silica starvation. The presence of insoluble nano-SiO2 leads to the replacement of cellular phospholipids with sulfolipids. Regioisomer ratios also vary depending on the concentration of nano-SiO2 in the culture medium, i.e. the biosynthesis of polar lipids via the prokaryotic (plastidial) and/or eukaryotic (explastidial) pathways. Complex analyses of polar lipids using high resolution HILIC-LC/ESI-tandem, as used for diatoms, can also be used for other photosynthetic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Řezanka
- Department of Nanochemistry, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Mezricky
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences, Piaristengasse1, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Milada Vítová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Novohradská 237, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
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5
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Usami R, Fujii K, Fushimi C. Improvement of Bio-Oil and Nitrogen Recovery from Microalgae Using Two-Stage Hydrothermal Liquefaction with Solid Carbon and HCl Acid Catalysis. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6684-6696. [PMID: 32258904 PMCID: PMC7114750 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bio-oil production from microalgae by using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has been conducted extensively in the last decade. In this work, we conducted two-stage HTL of a microalga (Fistulifera solaris, JPCC DA0580) in the presence of 5.0 g/L carbon solid acid or a 0.02-0.50 M HCl catalyst to increase bio-oil yield and nitrogen recovery into the aqueous phase (AP). The first stage (HTL 1), to hydrolyze proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids and elute nitrogen components into the AP, was conducted at 100-250 °C for 30-120 min. The second stage (HTL 2), to produce the bio-oil, was conducted at 280-320 °C for 0-30 min. The best conditions to obtain a high bio-oil yield and NH4 + recovery in the AP were 200 °C and 30 min of residence time for HTL 1 and 320 °C and 0 min residence time for HTL 2. We found that 0.50 M HCl decreased the bio-oil yield while greatly increasing NH4 + in the AP and decreasing the nitrogen content in the bio-oil. This was probably due to the catalytic effect of HCl promoting hydrolysis of protein and deamination of amino acids during HTL 1. The fractions of water-soluble products were greatly increased by performing HTL 2 in neutral conditions while this maintained low nitrogen content in the bio-oil. From GC-MS analyses of the bio-oil, it was observed that, by using 0.50 M HCl, peak intensities of all the GC peaks decreased and MS spectra of amines decreased. The carbon solid acid had an insignificant influence on bio-oil and NH4 + yields.
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6
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Johansson ON, Töpel M, Egardt J, Pinder MIM, Andersson MX, Godhe A, Clarke AK. Phenomics reveals a novel putative chloroplast fatty acid transporter in the marine diatom Skeletonema marinoi involved in temperature acclimation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15143. [PMID: 31641221 PMCID: PMC6805942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are the dominant phytoplankton in temperate oceans and coastal regions and yet little is known about the genetic basis underpinning their global success. Here, we address this challenge by developing the first phenomic approach for a diatom, screening a collection of randomly mutagenized but identifiably tagged transformants. Based upon their tolerance to temperature extremes, several compromised mutants were identified revealing genes either stress related or encoding hypothetical proteins of unknown function. We reveal one of these hypothetical proteins is a novel putative chloroplast fatty acid transporter whose loss affects several fatty acids including the two omega-3, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids - eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, both of which have medical importance as dietary supplements and industrial significance in aquaculture and biofuels. This mutant phenotype not only provides new insights into the fatty acid biosynthetic pathways in diatoms but also highlights the future value of phenomics for revealing specific gene functions in these ecologically important phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar N Johansson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Töpel
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Center (GGBC), Box 461, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Egardt
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew I M Pinder
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Godhe
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adrian K Clarke
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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7
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White DA, Rooks PA, Kimmance S, Tait K, Jones M, Tarran GA, Cook C, Llewellyn CA. Modulation of Polar Lipid Profiles in Chlorella sp. in Response to Nutrient Limitation. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9030039. [PMID: 30823401 PMCID: PMC6468466 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluate the effects of nutrient limitation on cellular composition of polar lipid classes/species in Chlorella sp. using modern polar lipidomic profiling methods (liquid chromatography⁻tandem mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS). Total polar lipid concentration was highest in nutrient-replete (HN) cultures with a significant reduction in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) class concentrations for nutrient-deplete (LN) cultures. Moreover, reductions in the abundance of MGDG relative to total polar lipids versus an increase in the relative abundance of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) were recorded in LN cultures. In HN cultures, polar lipid species composition remained relatively constant throughout culture with high degrees of unsaturation associated with acyl moieties. Conversely, in LN cultures lipid species composition shifted towards greater saturation of acyl moieties. Multivariate analyses revealed that changes in the abundance of a number of species contributed to the dissimilarity between LN and HN cultures but with dominant effects from certain species, e.g., reduction in MGDG 34:7 (18:3/16:4). Results demonstrate that Chlorella sp. significantly alters its polar lipidome in response to nutrient limitation, and this is discussed in terms of physiological significance and polar lipids production for applied microalgal production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A White
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Paul A Rooks
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Susan Kimmance
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Karen Tait
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Mark Jones
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Glen A Tarran
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Charlotte Cook
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Carole A Llewellyn
- Department of Biosciences, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK.
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8
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Adelfi MG, Vitale RM, d'Ippolito G, Nuzzo G, Gallo C, Amodeo P, Manzo E, Pagano D, Landi S, Picariello G, Ferrante MI, Fontana A. Patatin-like lipolytic acyl hydrolases and galactolipid metabolism in marine diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:181-190. [PMID: 30521937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are eukaryotic microalgae that play a pivotal role in biological and geochemical marine cycles. These microorganisms are at the basis of the trophic chain and their lipids are essential components (e.g. eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) of aquatic food webs. Galactolipids are the primary lipid components of plastid membranes and form the largest lipid family of diatoms. As source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), these compounds are also involved in the synthesis of lipoxygenase (LOX) products such as non-volatile oxylipins and polyunsaturated aldehydes. Here, we report the first identification of two genes, namely PmLAH1 and PaLAH1, coding for lipolytic enzymes in two diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. Functional and modeling studies evidence a patatin-like domain endowed with galactolipase and phospholipase activity at the C-terminus of both proteins. Homologues of Pseudo-nitzschia LAH1 genes were retrieved in other diatom species so far sequenced in agreement with conservation of the functional role of these proteins within the lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Adelfi
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Vitale
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana d'Ippolito
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Genoveffa Nuzzo
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Gallo
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Emiliano Manzo
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Pagano
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Landi
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Picariello
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Via Roma, 52, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Fontana
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
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Nomaguchi T, Maeda Y, Liang Y, Yoshino T, Asahi T, Tanaka T. Comprehensive analysis of triacylglycerol lipases in the oleaginous diatom Fistulifera solaris JPCC DA0580 with transcriptomics under lipid degradation. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:258-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Zulu NN, Zienkiewicz K, Vollheyde K, Feussner I. Current trends to comprehend lipid metabolism in diatoms. Prog Lipid Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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11
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Arakaki A, Matsumoto T, Tateishi T, Matsumoto M, Nojima D, Tomoko Y, Tanaka T. UV-C irradiation accelerates neutral lipid synthesis in the marine oleaginous diatom Fistulifera solaris. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1520-1526. [PMID: 28624246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the induction of oil synthesis in the oleaginous diatom, Fistulifera solaris, following irradiation with small doses of UV-C. A rapid induction of oil accumulation was confirmed within 6h following UV-C radiation of the diatom cells, with increases in cell oil body volumes after 24h of approximately 4- to 6-fold from the initial volume. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be generated by a UV-C-mediated reaction, were detected in irradiated cells and the correlation between ROS generation and oil accumulation was confirmed. The smallest UV-C intensity required for oil induction in the cells was 10mJ/cm2. Based on the ideal biodiesel profile, the most suitable FAME composition was obtained when UV255 was used to irradiate the cells. The UV-C radiation method is therefore a solution for shortening the oil accumulation period and improving biodiesel productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takuma Tateishi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mitsufumi Matsumoto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Electric Power Development CO. Ltd, Yanagisaki-machi, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu 808-0111, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nojima
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshino Tomoko
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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12
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Tanaka T, Yabuuchi T, Maeda Y, Nojima D, Matsumoto M, Yoshino T. Production of eicosapentaenoic acid by high cell density cultivation of the marine oleaginous diatom Fistulifera solaris. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:567-572. [PMID: 28898857 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have attracted attention owing to their health benefits for humans, as well as their importance in aquaculture and animal husbandry. Establishing a sustainable PUFA supply based on fish oils has been difficult due to their increasing demand. Therefore, alternative sources of PUFAs are required. In this research, we examined the potential of the marine oleaginous diatom Fistulifera solaris as an alternative producer of PUFAs. Optimization of culture conditions was carried out for high cell density cultivation, and a maximal biomass productivity of 1.32±0.13g/(L·day) was achieved. By slightly adjusting the culture conditions for EPA production, the maximal EPA productivity reached 135.7±10.0mg/(L·day). To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest EPA productivity among microalgae cultured under photoautotrophic conditions. This result indicates that F. solaris is a promising candidate host for sustainable PUFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yabuuchi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Maeda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nojima
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mitsufumi Matsumoto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Electric Power Development Co., Ltd, 1, Yanagisaki-machi, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyusyu 808-0111, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshino
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Sayanova O, Mimouni V, Ulmann L, Morant-Manceau A, Pasquet V, Schoefs B, Napier JA. Modulation of lipid biosynthesis by stress in diatoms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160407. [PMID: 28717017 PMCID: PMC5516116 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are responsible for up to 40% of the carbon fixation in our oceans. The fixed carbon is moved through carbon metabolism towards the synthesis of organic molecules that are consumed through interlocking foodwebs, and this process is strongly impacted by the abiotic environment. However, it has become evident that diatoms can be used as 'platform' organisms for the production of high valuable bio-products such as lipids, pigments and carbohydrates where stress conditions can be used to direct carbon metabolism towards the commercial production of these compounds. In the first section of this review, some aspects of carbon metabolism in diatoms and how it is impacted by environmental factors are briefly described. The second section is focused on the biosynthesis of lipids and in particular omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and how low temperature stress impacts on the production of these compounds. In a third section, we review the recent advances in bioengineering for lipid production. Finally, we discuss new perspectives for designing strains for the sustainable production of high-value lipids.This article is part of the themed issue 'The peculiar carbon metabolism in diatoms'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sayanova
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Virginie Mimouni
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Annick Morant-Manceau
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Virginie Pasquet
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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Meng Y, Cao X, Yao C, Xue S, Yang Q. Identification of the role of polar glycerolipids in lipid metabolism and their acyl attribution for TAG accumulation in Nannochloropsis oceanica. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Osada K, Maeda Y, Yoshino T, Nojima D, Bowler C, Tanaka T. Enhanced NADPH production in the pentose phosphate pathway accelerates lipid accumulation in the oleaginous diatom Fistulifera solaris. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Photosynthetic organelles in plants and algae are characterized by the high abundance of glycolipids, including the galactolipids mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG, DGDG) and the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). Glycolipids are crucial to maintain an optimal efficiency of photosynthesis. During phosphate limitation, the amounts of DGDG and SQDG increase in the plastids of plants, and DGDG is exported to extraplastidial membranes to replace phospholipids. Algae often use betaine lipids as surrogate for phospholipids. Glucuronosyldiacylglycerol (GlcADG) is a further glycolipid that accumulates under phosphate deprived conditions. In contrast to plants, a number of eukaryotic algae contain very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of 20 or more carbon atoms in their glycolipids. The pathways and genes for galactolipid and sulfolipid synthesis are largely conserved between plants, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and algae with complex plastids derived from secondary or tertiary endosymbiosis. However, the relative contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum- and plastid-derived lipid pathways for glycolipid synthesis varies between plants and algae. The genes for glycolipid synthesis encode precursor proteins imported into the photosynthetic organelles. While most eukaryotic algae contain the plant-like galactolipid (MGD1, DGD1) and sulfolipid (SQD1, SQD2) synthases, the red alga Cyanidioschyzon harbors a cyanobacterium-type DGDG synthase (DgdA), and the amoeba Paulinella, derived from a more recent endosymbiosis event, contains cyanobacterium-type enzymes for MGDG and DGDG synthesis (MgdA, MgdE, DgdA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kalisch
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Georg Hölzl
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Liang Y, Osada K, Sunaga Y, Yoshino T, Bowler C, Tanaka T. Dynamic oil body generation in the marine oleaginous diatom Fistulifera solaris in response to nutrient limitation as revealed by morphological and lipidomic analysis. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mitra M, Patidar SK, Mishra S. Integrated process of two stage cultivation of Nannochloropsis sp. for nutraceutically valuable eicosapentaenoic acid along with biodiesel. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 193:363-9. [PMID: 26143004 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The marine eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis is one of the potential producers of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a valued nutraceutical. Nannochloropsis sp. was cultivated under photoautotrophic condition utilizing CO2 in a two phase cultivation process in order to enhance the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) productivity. It was cultivated in a photobioreactor up to late log phase for cell growth (phase I). Then, the culture was harvested and confronted to relatively low temperature (10 °C) and low light (30 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)) in both photobioreactor and Erlenmeyer flask (phase II), thus augmenting EPA% by 3.4 fold. Lower temperature with low light favored the synthesis of EPA although, biomass productivity, lipid content and lipid productivity were slightly decreased relative to phase I. The total lipids extracted from Nannochloropsis sp. fractionated into neutral lipids (NLs), glycolipids (GLs) and phospholipids (PLs) and a major proportion of EPA was found in phospholipids. Results suggested that low temperature and low light may ameliorate partitioning towards EPA in phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusree Mitra
- Salt and Marine Chemicals Discipline, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patidar
- Salt and Marine Chemicals Discipline, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- Salt and Marine Chemicals Discipline, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
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Low-Molecular-Weight Metabolites from Diatoms: Structures, Biological Roles and Biosynthesis. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:3672-709. [PMID: 26065408 PMCID: PMC4483651 DOI: 10.3390/md13063672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are abundant and important biological components of the marine environment that biosynthesize diverse natural products. These microalgae are rich in various lipids, carotenoids, sterols and isoprenoids, some of them containing toxins and other metabolites. Several groups of diatom natural products have attracted great interest due to their potential practical application as energy sources (biofuel), valuable food constituents, and prospective materials for nanotechnology. In addition, hydrocarbons, which are used in climate reconstruction, polyamines which participate in biomineralization, new apoptotic agents against tumor cells, attractants and deterrents that regulate the biochemical communications between marine species in seawaters have also been isolated from diatoms. However, chemical studies on these microalgae are complicated by difficulties, connected with obtaining their biomass, and the influence of nutrients and contaminators in their environment as well as by seasonal and climatic factors on the biosynthesis of the corresponding natural products. Overall, the number of chemically studied diatoms is lower than that of other algae, but further studies, particularly those connected with improvements in the isolation and structure elucidation technique as well as the genomics of diatoms, promise both to increase the number of studied species with isolated biologically active natural products and to provide a clearer perception of their biosynthesis.
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Dolch LJ, Maréchal E. Inventory of fatty acid desaturases in the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1317-39. [PMID: 25786062 PMCID: PMC4377986 DOI: 10.3390/md13031317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The diatom Phaeodactylum is rich in very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Fatty acid (FA) synthesis, elongation, and desaturation have been studied in depth in plants including Arabidopsis, but for secondary endosymbionts the full picture remains unclear. FAs are synthesized up to a chain length of 18 carbons inside chloroplasts, where they can be incorporated into glycerolipids. They are also exported to the ER for phospho- and betaine lipid syntheses. Elongation of FAs up to 22 carbons occurs in the ER. PUFAs can be reimported into plastids to serve as precursors for glycerolipids. In both organelles, FA desaturases are present, introducing double bonds between carbon atoms and giving rise to a variety of molecular species. In addition to the four desaturases characterized in Phaeodactylum (FAD2, FAD6, PtD5, PtD6), we identified eight putative desaturase genes. Combining subcellular localization predictions and comparisons with desaturases from other organisms like Arabidopsis, we propose a scheme at the whole cell level, including features that are likely specific to secondary endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina-Juana Dolch
- Laboratory of Plant and Cell Physiology/Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité mixte de recherche 5168 CNRS-CEA-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratory of Plant and Cell Physiology/Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité mixte de recherche 5168 CNRS-CEA-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Abida H, Dolch LJ, Meï C, Villanova V, Conte M, Block MA, Finazzi G, Bastien O, Tirichine L, Bowler C, Rébeillé F, Petroutsos D, Jouhet J, Maréchal E. Membrane glycerolipid remodeling triggered by nitrogen and phosphorus starvation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:118-36. [PMID: 25489020 PMCID: PMC4281014 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.252395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms constitute a major phylum of phytoplankton biodiversity in ocean water and freshwater ecosystems. They are known to respond to some chemical variations of the environment by the accumulation of triacylglycerol, but the relative changes occurring in membrane glycerolipids have not yet been studied. Our goal was first to define a reference for the glycerolipidome of the marine model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a necessary prerequisite to characterize and dissect the lipid metabolic routes that are orchestrated and regulated to build up each subcellular membrane compartment. By combining multiple analytical techniques, we determined the glycerolipid profile of P. tricornutum grown with various levels of nitrogen or phosphorus supplies. In different P. tricornutum accessions collected worldwide, a deprivation of either nutrient triggered an accumulation of triacylglycerol, but with different time scales and magnitudes. We investigated in depth the effect of nutrient starvation on the Pt1 strain (Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa no. 1055/3). Nitrogen deprivation was the more severe stress, triggering thylakoid senescence and growth arrest. By contrast, phosphorus deprivation induced a stepwise adaptive response. The time scale of the glycerolipidome changes and the comparison with large-scale transcriptome studies were consistent with an exhaustion of unknown primary phosphorus-storage molecules (possibly polyphosphate) and a transcriptional control of some genes coding for specific lipid synthesis enzymes. We propose that phospholipids are secondary phosphorus-storage molecules broken down upon phosphorus deprivation, while nonphosphorus lipids are synthesized consistently with a phosphatidylglycerol-to-sulfolipid and a phosphatidycholine-to-betaine lipid replacement followed by a late accumulation of triacylglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heni Abida
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Lina-Juana Dolch
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Coline Meï
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Valeria Villanova
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Melissa Conte
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Maryse A Block
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Olivier Bastien
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Leïla Tirichine
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Chris Bowler
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Dimitris Petroutsos
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
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