1
|
Tousif MI, Nazir M, Riaz N, Saleem M, Tauseef S, Azam SM, Arfan Yawer M, Zengin G. Terpenoids as Human Neutrophil Elastase (HNE) Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review of Natural Anti-inflammatory Isoprenoids. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300346. [PMID: 37642535 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is an enzyme that plays a key role in the body's inflammatory response. It has been linked to several diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and cystic fibrosis. As potential treatments for these diseases, HNE inhibitors are of great interest. Metabolites derived from plants, particularly terpenoids such as β-caryophyllene found in black pepper and other plants, and geraniol present in several essential oils, are recognized as significant sources of inhibitors for HNE. Because of their ability to inhibit HNE, terpenoids are considered promising candidates for developing novel therapies to treat inflammatory conditions such as COPD and emphysema. Furthermore, nature can serve as an excellent designer, and it may offer a safer drug candidate for inhibiting HNE production and activity in the future. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses were searched to get relevant and up-to-date literature on terpenoids as human neutrophil elastase inhibitors. This review focuses on the isolation, chemical diversity, and inhibition of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) of various terpenoids reported from natural sources up to 2022. A total of 251 compounds from various terpenoids classes have been reported. Further, it also provides a summary of HNE inhibitors and includes a thorough discussion on the structure-activity relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Tousif
- Department of Chemistry Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, 54770, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mamona Nazir
- Department of Chemistry Government Sadiq College, Women University Bahawalpur, 63100-, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Naheed Riaz
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad Campus the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100-, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad Campus the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100-, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Saba Tauseef
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Muhammad Azam
- Department of Zoology Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, 75270, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mirza Arfan Yawer
- Department of Chemistry Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, 54770, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Absolute configuration by vibrational circular dichroism of anti-inflammatory macrolide briarane diterpenoids from the Gorgonian Briareum asbestinum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:496. [PMID: 33436731 PMCID: PMC7804146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The four new briarane diterpenoids 2-butyryloxybriarane B-3 (2), 9-acetylbriarenolide S (3), briarenolide W (4), and 12-isobriarenolide P (5), along with briarane B-3 (1) and the five known diterpenes 6-10 were isolated from the gorgonian coral Briareum asbestinum collected from the Mexican Caribbean Sea. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and MS measurements. Since the structure of briarane B-3 (1) was only suggested and published without any spectroscopic support, it was herein confirmed, and the supporting data are now provided. In addition, 1 provided the opportunity to explore the sensitivity of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) to determine the configuration of a single stereogenic center in the presence of eight other stereogenic centers in a molecule possessing a highly flexible ten-member ring. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study, in which the Flack and Hooft parameters of 1 were determined, further confirmed that briarane B-3 is (1S,2S,6S,7R,8R,9S,10S,11R,17R)-1. This paper reports for first time the use of VCD in briarane diterpenes and with the presence of chlorine atoms. Biological evaluation of seven isolated compounds evidenced a moderate anti-inflammatory activity for compounds 6 and 9 but it did not show any cytotoxic, antiviral, antibacterial, and topoisomerase inhibitory activity.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sung PJ, Hwang TL, Sheu JH, Zhang YL, Kuo LM, Chen LY, Lee GH, Peng BR, Chen YY, Chen YH. Identification and Characterization of Chlorine-Containing Briaranes from a Cultured Octocoral Briareum excavatum (Briareidae). HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
5
|
Marine Pharmacology in 2014-2015: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, Antiviral, and Anthelmintic Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action. Mar Drugs 2019; 18:md18010005. [PMID: 31861527 PMCID: PMC7024264 DOI: 10.3390/md18010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The systematic review of the marine pharmacology literature from 2014 to 2015 was completed in a manner consistent with the 1998-2013 reviews of this series. Research in marine pharmacology during 2014-2015, which was reported by investigators in 43 countries, described novel findings on the preclinical pharmacology of 301 marine compounds. These observations included antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, antiviral, and anthelmintic pharmacological activities for 133 marine natural products, 85 marine compounds with antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as those that affected the immune and nervous system, and 83 marine compounds that displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action, and may probably contribute to novel pharmacological classes upon further research. Thus, in 2014-2015, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline provided novel pharmacology as well as new lead compounds for the clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus continued to contribute to ongoing global research for alternative therapeutic approaches to many disease categories.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sheu J, Peng B, Fang L, Hwang T, Su J, Wu Y, Sung P. Hydroperoxyditerpenoids from Octocorals. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyh‐Horng Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and ResourcesNational Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung 804 Taiwan
| | - Bo‐Rong Peng
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium Pingtung 94450 Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine BiotechnologyNational Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine BiotechnologyAcademia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Lee‐Shing Fang
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant ResearchCheng Shiu University Kaohsiung 833 Taiwan
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology CenterCheng Shiu University Kaohsiung 833 Taiwan
| | - Tsong‐Long Hwang
- College of Human EcologyChang Gung University of Science and Technology Taoyuan 333 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of MedicineChang Gung University Taoyuan 333 Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research CenterChang Gung University Taoyuan 333 Taiwan
- Department of AnaesthesiologyChang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan 333 Taiwan
| | - Jui‐Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium Pingtung 94450 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine BiologyNational Dong Hwa University Pingtung 944 Taiwan
| | - Yang‐Chang Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development CenterChina Medical University Hospital Taichung 404 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural ProductsKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Research Center for Natural Products and Drug DevelopmentKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchKaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Ping‐Jyun Sung
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and ResourcesNational Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung 804 Taiwan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium Pingtung 94450 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine BiologyNational Dong Hwa University Pingtung 944 Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development CenterChina Medical University Hospital Taichung 404 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural ProductsKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Xu JH, Lai KH, Su YD, Chang YC, Peng BR, Backlund A, Wen ZH, Sung PJ. Briaviolides K-N, New Briarane-Type Diterpenoids from Cultured Octocoral Briareum violaceum. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E75. [PMID: 29495481 PMCID: PMC5867619 DOI: 10.3390/md16030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Four new briarane diterpenoids, briaviolides K-N (1-4), have been obtained from the cultured-type octocoral Briareum violaceum. Using a spectroscopic approach, the structures of briaranes 1-4 were identified. This study employed an in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line, and found that among the four briaranes, briarane 2 possessed anti-inflammatory activity against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expressions in cells. In addition, principal component analysis using the chemical global positioning system (ChemGPS) for natural products (ChemGPS-NP) was employed in order to analyze the structure-activity relationship (SAR), and the results indicated that the ring conformation of the compound has a leading role in suppressing the expressions of pro-inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 proteins in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hao Xu
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- Planning & Research Division, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
| | - Kuei-Hung Lai
- Planning & Research Division, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Yin-Di Su
- Planning & Research Division, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- Greenhouse Systems Technology Center, Central Region Campus, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Nantou 54041, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chia Chang
- Planning & Research Division, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- Greenhouse Systems Technology Center, Central Region Campus, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Nantou 54041, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Rong Peng
- Planning & Research Division, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Anders Backlund
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- Planning & Research Division, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chang YC, Sheu JH, Wu YC, Sung PJ. Terpenoids from Octocorals of the Genus Pachyclavularia. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15120382. [PMID: 29206207 PMCID: PMC5742842 DOI: 10.3390/md15120382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we reviewed natural compounds isolated from octocorals belonging to the genus Pachyclavularia, including 20 cembrane-, 39 briarane-, and eight briarellin-related diterpenoids, and one secosterol. The chemical constituents of these 68 secondary metabolites, and their names, structures, and bioactivities, along with studies of their biological activities, are summarized in this review. Based on the literature, many of these compounds possess bioactivities, including anti-inflammation properties, cytotoxicity, and ichthyotoxicity, suggesting that they may have the potential to be developed into biomedical agents for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Chang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
- Greenhouse Systems Technology Center, Central Region Campus, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Nantou 540, Taiwan.
- Forcean Marine International Corporation, Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Briarane Diterpenoids Isolated from Octocorals between 2014 and 2016. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15020044. [PMID: 28218675 PMCID: PMC5334624 DOI: 10.3390/md15020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures, names, bioactivities, and references of 124 briarane-type natural products, including 66 new metabolites, isolated between 2014 and 2016 are summarized in this review article. All of the briarane diterpenoids mentioned in this review were isolated from octocorals, mainly from Briareum violacea, Dichotella gemmacea, Ellisella dollfusi, Junceella fragilis, Junceella gemmacea, and Pennatula aculeata. Some of these compounds exhibited potential biomedical activities, including anti-inflammatory activity, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxicity towards cancer cells.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2014 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 1116 citations (753 for the period January to December 2014) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1378 in 456 papers for 2014), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schepetkin IA, Khlebnikov AI, Kirpotina LN, Quinn MT. Antagonism of human formyl peptide receptor 1 with natural compounds and their synthetic derivatives. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 37:43-58. [PMID: 26382576 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) regulates a wide variety of neutrophil functional responses and plays an important role in inflammation and the pathogenesis of various diseases. To date, a variety of natural and synthetic molecules have been identified as FPR1 ligands. Here, we review current knowledge on natural products and natural product-inspired small molecules reported to antagonize and/or inhibit the FPR1-mediated responses. Based on this literature, additional screening of selected commercially available natural compounds for their ability to inhibit fMLF-induced Ca(2+) mobilization in human neutrophils and FPR1 transfected HL-60 cells, and pharmacophore modeling, natural products with potential as FPR1 antagonists are considered and discussed in this review. The identification and characterization of natural products that antagonize FPR1 activity may have potential for the development of novel therapeutics to limit or alter the outcome of inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Andrei I Khlebnikov
- Department of Biotechnology and Organic Chemistry, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; Department of Chemistry, Altai State Technical University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Liliya N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Su YD, Su TR, Wen ZH, Hwang TL, Fang LS, Chen JJ, Wu YC, Sheu JH, Sung PJ. Briarenolides K and L, new anti-inflammatory briarane diterpenoids from an octocoral Briareum sp. (Briareidae). Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1037-50. [PMID: 25689566 PMCID: PMC4344617 DOI: 10.3390/md13021037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new briarane-type diterpenoids, briarenolides K (1) and L (2), were isolated from an octocoral identified as Briareum sp. The structures of new briaranes 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. In the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects test, briaranes 1 and 2 were found to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS protein of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Di Su
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Rong Su
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 912, Taiwan.
- Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 928, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Lee-Shing Fang
- Department of Sport, Health and Leisure, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung 907, Taiwan.
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|