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Hoffmann KM, Kingsbury JS, March NL, Jang Y, Nguyen JH, Hutt MM. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Select Intermediates and Natural Products of the Desferrioxamine E Siderophore Pathway. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196144. [PMID: 36234688 PMCID: PMC9571020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The NIS synthetase family of enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of siderophores is increasingly associated with bacterial virulence. Proteins in this class represent outstanding potential drug targets, assuming that basic biochemical and structural characterizations can be completed. Towards this goal, we have mated an improved synthesis of the non-commercial amino acid N-hydroxy-N-succinylcadaverine (HSC, 6) with an isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assay that profiles the iterative stages of HSC trimerization and macrocyclization by NIS synthetase DesD from Streptomyces coelicolor. HSC synthesis begins with multigram-scale Gabrielle and tert-butyl N-(benzyloxy)carbamate alkylations of 1-bromo-5-chloropentane following prior literature, but the end-game reported herein has two advantages for greater material throughput: (1) hydrogenolysis of benzyl ether and Cbz blocking groups is best accomplished with Pearlman’s catalyst at 40 psi of H2 and (2) purification of neutral (zwitterionic) HSC is effected by simple flash chromatography over silica gel in MeOH. HSC is subsequently shown to be a substrate for NIS synthetase DesD, which catalyzes three successive amide bond syntheses via adenyl monophosphate ester intermediates. We quantify and present the iterative and overall enzyme kinetic constants associated with formation of the cyclotrimeric siderophore desferrioxamine E (dfoE, 1).
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2
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Recent Advances in the Heterologous Expression of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters for Marine Natural Products. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060341. [PMID: 35736144 PMCID: PMC9225448 DOI: 10.3390/md20060341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine natural products (MNPs) are an important source of biologically active metabolites, particularly for therapeutic agent development after terrestrial plants and nonmarine microorganisms. Sequencing technologies have revealed that the number of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in marine microorganisms and the marine environment is much higher than expected. Unfortunately, the majority of them are silent or only weakly expressed under traditional laboratory culture conditions. Furthermore, the large proportion of marine microorganisms are either uncultivable or cannot be genetically manipulated. Efficient heterologous expression systems can activate cryptic BGCs and increase target compound yield, allowing researchers to explore more unknown MNPs. When developing heterologous expression of MNPs, it is critical to consider heterologous host selection as well as genetic manipulations for BGCs. In this review, we summarize current progress on the heterologous expression of MNPs as a reference for future research.
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Swayambhu G, Bruno M, Gulick AM, Pfeifer BA. Siderophore natural products as pharmaceutical agents. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:242-251. [PMID: 33640597 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Siderophore natural products are characterized by an ability to tightly chelate metals. The origins of such compounds are often pathogenic microbes utilizing siderophores as virulence factors during host infection. The mechanism for siderophore formation typically involves the activity of nonribosomal peptide synthetases producing compounds across functional group classifications that include catecholate, phenolate, hydroxamate, and mixed categories. Though siderophore production has been a hallmark of pathogenicity, the evolutionarily-optimized binding abilities of siderophores suggest the possibility of re-directing the compounds towards alternative beneficial applications. In this mini-review, we will first describe siderophore formation origins before discussing alternative applications as pharmaceutical products. In so doing, we will cover examples and applications that include reducing metal overload, targeted antibiotic delivery, cancer treatment, vaccine development, and diagnostics. Included in this analysis will be a discussion on the native production hosts of siderophores and prospects for improvement in compound access through the adoption of heterologous biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Swayambhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michael Bruno
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Andrew M Gulick
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Blaine A Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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4
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Chiu C, Jheng T, Peng B, Chung W, Mong KT. Convergent Synthesis of Macrocyclic and Linear Desferrioxamines. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Hsin Chiu
- Applied Chemistry Department National Chiao Tung University 1001, University Road R.O.C. 30069 Hsinchu City Taiwan
| | - Ting‐Cian Jheng
- Applied Chemistry Department National Chiao Tung University 1001, University Road R.O.C. 30069 Hsinchu City Taiwan
| | - Bo‐Chun Peng
- Applied Chemistry Department National Chiao Tung University 1001, University Road R.O.C. 30069 Hsinchu City Taiwan
| | - Wen‐Sheng Chung
- Applied Chemistry Department National Chiao Tung University 1001, University Road R.O.C. 30069 Hsinchu City Taiwan
| | - Kwok‐Kong Tony Mong
- Applied Chemistry Department National Chiao Tung University 1001, University Road R.O.C. 30069 Hsinchu City Taiwan
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5
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Munar MP, Takahashi H, Okamura Y. Discovery of a Novel Gene Conferring Tellurite Tolerance Through Tellurite Reduction to Escherichia coli Transformant in Marine Sediment Metagenomic Library. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:762-772. [PMID: 31637558 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09922-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metagenomic library construction using a marine sediment-enrichment was employed in order to recover tellurium from tellurite, a tellurium oxyanion, dissolved in water and then functional screening was performed to discover a novel gene related to tellurite reduction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of intracellular Te crystals in Escherichia coli cells transformed with a specific DNA fragment from the marine sediment metagenome. The metagenome fragment was composed of 691 bp and showed low homology to known proteins. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the metagenome fragment was related to Pseudomonas stutzeri. Cloning and expression of an open reading frame (ORF) on the metagenome fragment validated the role of the fragment in conferring tellurite resistance and tellurite-reducing activity to E. coli host cells. E. coli transformant containing the ORF1 showed resistance to 1 mM Na2TeO3. The optimal tellurite-reducing activity of cells containing the ORF1 was recorded at 37 °C and pH 7.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Pascual Munar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Unit of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okamura
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
- Unit of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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6
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Chemistry and Biology of Siderophores from Marine Microbes. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100562. [PMID: 31569555 PMCID: PMC6836290 DOI: 10.3390/md17100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial siderophores are multidentate Fe(III) chelators used by microbes during siderophore-mediated assimilation. They possess high affinity and selectivity for Fe(III). Among them, marine siderophore-mediated microbial iron uptake allows marine microbes to proliferate and survive in the iron-deficient marine environments. Due to their unique iron(III)-chelating properties, delivery system, structural diversity, and therapeutic potential, marine microbial siderophores have great potential for further development of various drug conjugates for antibiotic-resistant bacteria therapy or as a target for inhibiting siderophore virulence factors to develop novel broad-spectrum antibiotics. This review covers siderophores derived from marine microbes.
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7
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Trindade IB, Silva JM, Fonseca BM, Catarino T, Fujita M, Matias PM, Moe E, Louro RO. Structure and reactivity of a siderophore-interacting protein from the marine bacterium Shewanella reveals unanticipated functional versatility. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:157-167. [PMID: 30420426 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Siderophores make iron accessible under iron-limited conditions and play a crucial role in the survival of microorganisms. Because of their remarkable metal-scavenging properties and ease in crossing cellular envelopes, siderophores hold great potential in biotechnological applications, raising the need for a deeper knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the siderophore pathway. Here, we report the structural and functional characterization of a siderophore-interacting protein from the marine bacterium Shewanella frigidimarina NCIBM400 (SfSIP). SfSIP is a flavin-containing ferric-siderophore reductase with FAD- and NAD(P)H-binding domains that have high homology with other characterized SIPs. However, we found here that it mechanistically departs from what has been described for this family of proteins. Unlike other FAD-containing SIPs, SfSIP did not discriminate between NADH and NADPH. Furthermore, SfSIP required the presence of the Fe2+-scavenger, ferrozine, to use NAD(P)H to drive the reduction of Shewanella-produced hydroxamate ferric-siderophores. Additionally, this is the first SIP reported that also uses a ferredoxin as electron donor, and in contrast to NAD(P)H, its utilization did not require the mediation of ferrozine, and electron transfer occurred at fast rates. Finally, FAD oxidation was thermodynamically coupled to deprotonation at physiological pH values, enhancing the solubility of ferrous iron. On the basis of these results and the location of the SfSIP gene downstream of a sequence for putative binding of aerobic respiration control protein A (ArcA), we propose that SfSIP contributes an additional layer of regulation that maintains cellular iron homeostasis according to environmental cues of oxygen availability and cellular iron demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês B Trindade
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José M Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno M Fonseca
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Teresa Catarino
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Masaki Fujita
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Pedro M Matias
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elin Moe
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo O Louro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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8
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Cloning of the Bisucaberin B Biosynthetic Gene Cluster from the Marine Bacterium Tenacibaculum mesophilum, and Heterologous Production of Bisucaberin B. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16090342. [PMID: 30235820 PMCID: PMC6164419 DOI: 10.3390/md16090342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic gene cluster for bisucaberin B (1, bsb gene cluster), an N-hydroxy-N-succinyl diamine (HSD)-based siderophore, was cloned from the marine bacterium Tenacibaculum mesophilum, originated from a marine sponge. The bsb gene cluster consists of six open reading frames (ORFs), in contrast to the four ORFs typically seen in biosynthetic gene clusters of the related molecules. Heterologous expression of the key enzyme, BsbD2, which is responsible for the final biosynthetic step of 1 resulted in production of bisucaberin B (1), but not bisucaberin (2) a macrocyclic counterpart of 1. To date, numbers of related enzymes producing macrocyclic analogues have been reported, but this work represents the first example of the HSD-based siderophore biosynthetic enzyme which exclusively produces a linear molecule rather than macrocyclic counterparts.
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9
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Codd R, Soe CZ, Pakchung AAH, Sresutharsan A, Brown CJM, Tieu W. The chemical biology and coordination chemistry of putrebactin, avaroferrin, bisucaberin, and alcaligin. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:969-982. [PMID: 29946977 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroxamic acid macrocyclic siderophores comprise four members: putrebactin (putH2), avaroferrin (avaH2), bisucaberin (bisH2), and alcaligin (alcH2). This mini-review collates studies of the chemical biology and coordination chemistry of these macrocycles, with an emphasis on putH2. These Fe(III)-binding macrocycles are produced by selected bacteria to acquire insoluble Fe(III) from the local environment. The macrocycles are optimally pre-configured for Fe(III) binding, as established from the X-ray crystal structure of dinuclear [Fe2(alc)3] at neutral pH. The dimeric macrocycles are biosynthetic products of two endo-hydroxamic acid ligands flanked by one amine group and one carboxylic acid group, which are assembled from 1,4-diaminobutane and/or 1,5-diaminopentane as initial substrates. The biosynthesis of alcH2 includes an additional diamine C-hydroxylation step. Knowledge of putH2 biosynthesis supported the use of precursor-directed biosynthesis to generate unsaturated putH2 analogues by culturing Shewanella putrefaciens in medium supplemented with unsaturated diamine substrates. The X-ray crystal structures of putH2, avaH2 and alcH2 show differences in the relative orientations of the amide and hydroxamic acid functional groups that could prescribe differences in solvation and other biological properties. Functional differences have been borne out in biological studies. Although evolved for Fe(III) acquisition, solution coordination complexes have been characterised between putH2 and oxido-V(IV/V), Mo(VI), or Cr(V). Retrosynthetic analysis of 1:1 complexes of [Fe(put)]+, [Fe(ava)]+, and [Fe(bis)]+ that dominate at pH < 5 led to a forward metal-templated synthesis approach to generate the Fe(III)-loaded macrocycles, with apo-macrocycles furnished upon incubation with EDTA. This mini-review aims to capture the rich chemistry and chemical biology of these seemingly simple compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Codd
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Cho Zin Soe
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Amalie A H Pakchung
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Athavan Sresutharsan
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher J M Brown
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - William Tieu
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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10
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Szamosvári D, Rütschlin S, Böttcher T. From pirates and killers: does metabolite diversity drive bacterial competition? Org Biomol Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses interspecies competition by sets of closely related metabolites with significantly different biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Szamosvári
- Department of Chemistry
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology
- University of Konstanz
- 78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Sina Rütschlin
- Department of Chemistry
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology
- University of Konstanz
- 78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Thomas Böttcher
- Department of Chemistry
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology
- University of Konstanz
- 78457 Konstanz
- Germany
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11
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Hirschmann M, Grundmann F, Bode HB. Identification and occurrence of the hydroxamate siderophores aerobactin, putrebactin, avaroferrin and ochrobactin C as virulence factors from entomopathogenic bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4080-4090. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merle Hirschmann
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Florian Grundmann
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS); Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
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12
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Rütschlin S, Gunesch S, Böttcher T. One Enzyme, Three Metabolites: Shewanella algae Controls Siderophore Production via the Cellular Substrate Pool. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:598-604.e10. [PMID: 28434877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shewanella algae B516 produces avaroferrin, an asymmetric hydroxamate siderophore, which has been shown to inhibit swarming motility of Vibrio alginolyticus. We aimed to elucidate the biosynthesis of this siderophore and to investigate how S. algae coordinates the production of avaroferrin and its two symmetric counterparts. We reconstituted the reaction in vitro with the main enzyme AvbD and the putative biosynthetic precursors, and demonstrate that multispecificity of this enzyme results in the production of all three cyclic hydroxamate siderophores that were previously isolated as natural products from S. algae. Surprisingly, purified AvbD exhibited a clear preference for the larger cadaverine-derived substrate. In live cells, however, siderophore ratios are maximized toward avaroferrin production, and we demonstrate that these siderophore ratios are the result of a regulation on substrate pool level, which may allow rapid evolutionary adaptation to environmental changes. Our results thereby give insights into a unique evolutionary strategy toward metabolite diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rütschlin
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sandra Gunesch
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Böttcher
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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13
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Novák J, Sokolová L, Lemr K, Pluháček T, Palyzová A, Havlíček V. Batch-processing of imaging or liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry datasets and De Novo sequencing of polyketide siderophores. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1865:768-775. [PMID: 27956353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The open-source and cross-platform software CycloBranch was utilized for dereplication of organic compounds from mass spectrometry imaging imzML datasets and its functions were illustrated on microbial siderophores. The pixel-to-pixel batch-processing was analogous to liquid chromatography mass spectrometry data. Each data point represented here by accurate m/z values and the corresponding ion intensities was matched against integrated compound libraries. The fine isotopic structure matching was also embedded into CycloBranch dereplication process. The siderophores' characterization from single-pixel mass spectra was further supported by their de novo sequencing. New ketide building block library was utilized by CycloBranch to characterize the siderophores in images and mixtures and nomenclature of fragment ion series of linear and cyclic polyketide siderophores was proposed. The software is freely available at http://ms.biomed.cas.cz/cyclobranch. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MALDI Imaging, edited by Dr. Corinna Henkel and Prof. Peter Hoffmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Novák
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Sokolová
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Lemr
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pluháček
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Palyzová
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Havlíček
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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14
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Soe CZ, Telfer TJ, Levina A, Lay PA, Codd R. Simultaneous biosynthesis of putrebactin, avaroferrin and bisucaberin by Shewanella putrefaciens and characterisation of complexes with iron(III), molybdenum(VI) or chromium(V). J Inorg Biochem 2016; 162:207-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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An overview of siderophores for iron acquisition in microorganisms living in the extreme. Biometals 2016; 29:551-71. [PMID: 27457587 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Siderophores are iron-chelating molecules produced by microbes when intracellular iron concentrations are low. Low iron triggers a cascade of gene activation, allowing the cell to survive due to the synthesis of important proteins involved in siderophore synthesis and transport. Generally, siderophores are classified by their functional groups as catecholates, hydroxamates and hydroxycarboxylates. Although other chemical structural modifications and functional groups can be found. The functional groups participate in the iron-chelating process when the ferri-siderophore complex is formed. Classified as acidophiles, alkaliphiles, halophiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles, piezophiles, extremophiles have particular iron requirements depending on the environmental conditions in where they grow. Most of the work done in siderophore production by extremophiles is based in siderophore concentration and/or genomic studies determining the presence of siderophore synthesis and transport genes. Siderophores produced by extremophiles are not well known and more work needs to be done to elucidate chemical structures and their role in microorganism survival and metal cycling in extreme environments.
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2014 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 1116 citations (753 for the period January to December 2014) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1378 in 456 papers for 2014), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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17
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MiR-222 targeted PUMA to improve sensitization of UM1 cells to cisplatin. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22128-41. [PMID: 25474084 PMCID: PMC4284698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs have been shown to play critical roles in regulating the chemosensitivity of cancer cells. As a member of the oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs), miR-222 has been reported to drive the oncogenesis of many types of malignancies. However, little is known concerning the specific role of miR-222 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The present study explored the role and mechanism of miR-222 in increasing the expression of p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) and enhancing the sensitivity of OSCC to cisplatin (CDDP). Results showed that antisense (As)-miR-222 inhibits the expression of miR-222. In contrast, PUMA was dramaticallyup-regulated. IC50 values were significantly decreased in cells treated with As-miR-222 combined with CDDP, to a greater extent than in cells treated with CDDP alone. Furthermore, As-miR-222 enhanced apoptosis and inhibited the invasiveness of UM1 cells. Analysis of the above data suggested that, in UM1 cells, there might be a regulatory loop between miR-222 and PUMA, and that miR-222 inhibition increased the chemosensitivity to CDDP. These findings demonstrated that down-regulation of miR-222 could enhance the chemosensitivity of human OSCC cells to CDDP, and that the combination of As-miR-222 and CDDP could be an effective therapeutic strategy by boosting the expression of PUMA for controlling the growth of OSCC.
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