Interaction between Marine-Derived n-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Uric Acid on Glucose Metabolism and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake is negatively associated with hyperuricemia: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2015

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The objective of this research was to explore the associations between dietary PUFAs intake and hyperuricemia risk.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2015, all eligible individuals were divided into hyperuricemia and non-hyperuricemia groups based on diagnostic criteria for hyperuricemia (serum uric acid >420 μmol/L for men and >360 μmol/L for women). Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression was employed to explore the relationship between dietary PUFAs intake and hyperuricemia risk. Total PUFAs and their subtypes were modeled to isocalorically replace saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Higher intake of n-3 PUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, linoleic acid (LA), alpha-linoleic acid (ALA), and non-marine PUFAs intake correlated with decreased hyperuricemia risk, with adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CIs) were 0.77 (0.63, 0.93), 0.75 (0.61, 0.92), 0.75 (0.61, 0.91), 0.69 (0.55, 0.87), and 0.73 (0.59, 0.91), respectively. Replacing 5% of total energy intake from SFAs with isocaloric PUFAs was associated with decreased odds of hyperuricemia in men (0.69 (0.57, 0.84)) and in individuals (0.81 (0.71, 0.92)). Similar trends were observed in the substitution of SFAs with non-marine PUFAs in men (0.87 (0.80, 0.94)) and in all individuals (0.92 (0.88, 0.98)). Sensitivity analyses exhibited consistent results with primary analyses.

CONCLUSION

Higher dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, LA, ALA, and non-marine PUFAs was associated with decreased hyperuricemia risk. These results support the recommendation to substitute SFAs with PUFAs in diet.

Association between the metabolic profile of serum fatty acids and diabetic nephropathy: a study conducted in northeastern China

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

With the progressive increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), diabetic nephropathy (DN) - one of the most common chronic microvascular complications - has evolved into a significant cause of death worldwide among end-stage renal disease patients. Academic researchers have for decades focused on the development of DN and recently found that free fatty acids (FFAs) constituted an independent risk factor for vascular complications in T2DM patients. It is therefore critical to determine whether the metabolic profile of FFAs is related to DN.

METHODS

This study comprised 611 research subjects in Dalian, a city in northeast China: 52 DN patients, 115 T2DM patients, and 444 healthy controls. We determined 15 forms of serum FFAs, including arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6), erucic acid (C22:1), nervonic acid (NA, C24:1), estimated total omega-3s, total omega-6s, the omega-3/omega-6 ratio, and total FFA content by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

RESULTS

The levels of NA (mean = 45.27, range = 0.84-76.57) and DHA (mean = 324.58, range = 205.38-450.03) in DN patients were slightly lower than those in T2DM patients or healthy controls. The serum omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) DHA (C22:6) was significantly negatively correlated with microalbuminuria (MAU), the albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The serum monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) NA (C24:1) was significantly negatively correlated with BMI, FPG, and HbA1c. After adjustment of variables, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significant odds ratios (ORs) [with confidence intervals (CIs)] for DHA (0.991, 0.985-0.997; p = 0.002) and NA (0.978, 0.958-0.999; p = 0.037).

CONCLUSION

In this study, we ascertained that the contents of NA and DHA in patients with DN were relatively low, and that DHA was negatively correlated with MAU and the ACR. However, large-scale, population-based studies focusing on the role of NA and DHA in the pathogenesis of DN are still required in the future.

Blood biomarkers of various dietary patterns correlated with metabolic indicators in Taiwanese type 2 diabetes

Background

Metabolic alterations correlate with adverse outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Dietary modification serves as an integral part in its treatment.

Objective

We examined the relationships among dietary patterns, dietary biomarkers, and metabolic indicators in type 2 diabetes (n = 871).

Design

Diabetic patients (n = 871) who provided complete clinical and dietary data in both 2008 and 2009 were selected from a cohort participating in a diabetic control study in Taiwan. Dietary data were obtained using a short, semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires, and dietary pattern identified by factor analysis. Multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the association between dietary biomarkers (ferritin, folate, and erythrocyte n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [n-3 PUFAs]) and metabolic control upon adjusting for confounders.

Results

Three dietary patterns (high-fat meat, traditional Chinese food–snack, and fish–vegetable) were identified. Ferritin correlated positively with high-fat meat factor scores (P for trend <0.001). Erythrocyte n-3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] + docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio) correlated positively with fish–vegetable factor scores (all P for trends <0.001). Multiple linear regressions revealed a positive relationship between ferritin concentrations and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and triglycerides, but a negative relationship with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Erythrocyte n-3 PUFA, EPA+DHA, and n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio were negatively linked to FPG, HbA1c, and triglycerides (all P < 0.05) and positively with HDL-C (though n-3/n-6 ratio marginally correlated).

Conclusions

Ferritin and n-3 PUFA can serve as valid biomarkers for high-fat meat and fish–vegetable dietary patterns. Unlike ferritin, erythrocyte n-3 PUFA status was related to better glycemic and blood lipid profiles. Our results suggest that habitual consumption of diet pattern rich in fish and vegetables may contribute in part to a healthier metabolic profile in type 2 diabetes.