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Qin J, Kurt E, LBassi T, Sa L, Xie D. Biotechnological production of omega-3 fatty acids: current status and future perspectives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1280296. [PMID: 38029217 PMCID: PMC10662050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1280296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acids (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have shown major health benefits, but the human body's inability to synthesize them has led to the necessity of dietary intake of the products. The omega-3 fatty acid market has grown significantly, with a global market from an estimated USD 2.10 billion in 2020 to a predicted nearly USD 3.61 billion in 2028. However, obtaining a sufficient supply of high-quality and stable omega-3 fatty acids can be challenging. Currently, fish oil serves as the primary source of omega-3 fatty acids in the market, but it has several drawbacks, including high cost, inconsistent product quality, and major uncertainties in its sustainability and ecological impact. Other significant sources of omega-3 fatty acids include plants and microalgae fermentation, but they face similar challenges in reducing manufacturing costs and improving product quality and sustainability. With the advances in synthetic biology, biotechnological production of omega-3 fatty acids via engineered microbial cell factories still offers the best solution to provide a more stable, sustainable, and affordable source of omega-3 fatty acids by overcoming the major issues associated with conventional sources. This review summarizes the current status, key challenges, and future perspectives for the biotechnological production of major omega-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dongming Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
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2
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Olsen PM, Kósa G, Klüver M, Kohler A, Shapaval V, Horn SJ. Production of docosahexaenoic acid from spruce sugars using Aurantiochytrium limacinum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128827. [PMID: 36878374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study lignocellulosic sugars from Norway spruce were used for production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by the marine thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21. Enzymatically prepared spruce hydrolysate was combined with a complex nitrogen source and different amounts of salts. Shake flask batch cultivations revealed that addition of extra salts was not needed for optimal growth. Upscaling to fed-batch bioreactors yielded up to 55 g/L cell dry mass and a total fatty acid content of 44% (w/w) out of which 1/3 was DHA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was successfully applied as a rapid method for monitoring lipid accumulation in A. limacinum SR21. Thus, this proof-of-principle study clearly demonstrates that crude spruce hydrolysates can be directly used as a novel and sustainable resource for production of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Margrethe Olsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Gergely Kósa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Marianne Klüver
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Achim Kohler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Volha Shapaval
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Svein Jarle Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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He Y, Zhu X, Ning Y, Chen X, Sen B, Wang G. Saturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Production by Aurantiochytrium limacinum PKU#Mn4 on Enteromorpha Hydrolysate. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040198. [PMID: 37103338 PMCID: PMC10143273 DOI: 10.3390/md21040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are unicellular marine heterotrophic protists, which have recently shown a promising ability to produce omega-3 fatty acids from lignocellulosic hydrolysates and wastewaters. Here we studied the biorefinery potential of the dilute acid-pretreated marine macroalgae (Enteromorpha) in comparison with glucose via fermentation using a previously isolated thraustochytrid strain (Aurantiochytrium limacinum PKU#Mn4). The total reducing sugars in the Enteromorpha hydrolysate accounted for 43.93% of the dry cell weight (DCW). The strain was capable of producing the highest DCW (4.32 ± 0.09 g/L) and total fatty acids (TFA) content (0.65 ± 0.03 g/L) in the medium containing 100 g/L of hydrolysate. The maximum TFA yields of 0.164 ± 0.160 g/g DCW and 0.196 ± 0.010 g/g DCW were achieved at 80 g/L of hydrolysate and 40 g/L of glucose in the fermentation medium, respectively. Compositional analysis of TFA revealed the production of equivalent fractions (% TFA) of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in hydrolysate or glucose medium. Furthermore, the strain yielded a much higher fraction (2.61-3.22%) of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) in the hydrolysate medium than that (0.25-0.49%) in the glucose medium. Overall, our findings suggest that Enteromorpha hydrolysate can be a potential natural substrate in the fermentative production of high-value fatty acids by thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodong He
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaodong Ning
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology of Tianjin University Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266237, China
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Hien HTM, Thom LT, Ha NC, Tam LT, Thu NTH, Nguyen TV, Loan VT, Dan NT, Hong DD. Characterization and Optimization of Culture Conditions for Aurantiochytrium sp. SC145 Isolated from Sand Cay (Son Ca) Island, Vietnam, and Antioxidative and Neuroprotective Activities of Its Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Mixture. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120780. [PMID: 36547927 PMCID: PMC9787583 DOI: 10.3390/md20120780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium is a heterotrophic marine microalga that has potential industrial applications. The main objectives of this study were to isolate an Aurantiochytrium strain from Sand Cay (Son Ca) Island, Vietnam, optimize its culture conditions, determine its nutritional composition, extract polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the free (FFA) and the alkyl ester (FAAE) forms, and evaluate the antioxidation and neuroprotection properties of the PUFAs. Aurantiochytrium sp. SC145 can be grown stably under laboratory conditions. Its culture conditions were optimized for a dry cell weight (DCW) of 31.18 g/L, with total lipids comprising 25.29%, proteins 7.93%, carbohydrates 15.21%, and carotenoid at 143.67 µg/L of DCW. The FAAEs and FFAs extracted from Aurantiochytrium sp. SC145 were rich in omega 3-6-9 fatty acids (40.73% and 44.00% of total fatty acids, respectively). No acute or subchronic oral toxicity was determined in mice fed with the PUFAs in FFA or FAAE forms at different doses over 90 days. Furthermore, the PUFAs in the FFA or FAAE forms and their main constituents of EPA, DHA, and ALA showed antioxidant and AChE inhibitory properties and neuroprotective activities against damage caused by H2O2- and amyloid-ß protein fragment 25-35 (Aβ25-35)-induced C6 cells. These data suggest that PUFAs extracted from Aurantiochytrium sp. SC145 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Thi Minh Hien
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (H.T.M.H.); (D.D.H.); Tel.: +84-24-37911059 (H.T.M.H.); Fax: +84-24-38363144 (H.T.M.H.)
| | - Le Thi Thom
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Cam Ha
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Luu Thi Tam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thi Hoai Thu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Tru Van Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Loan
- Joint Vietnam–Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Trong Dan
- Joint Vietnam–Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Diem Hong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (H.T.M.H.); (D.D.H.); Tel.: +84-24-37911059 (H.T.M.H.); Fax: +84-24-38363144 (H.T.M.H.)
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Alarcon C, Shene C. Fermentation 4.0, a case study on computer vision, soft sensor, connectivity, and control applied to the fermentation of a thraustochytrid. COMPUT IND 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compind.2021.103431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li X, Slavens S, Crunkleton DW, Johannes TW. Interactive effect of light quality and temperature on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii growth kinetics and lipid synthesis. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zeb L, Shafiq M, Chi ZY, Xiu ZL. Separation of microalgal docosahexaenoic acid-rich oils using a microwave-assisted three-phase partitioning system. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Diao J, Song X, Guo T, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Cellular engineering strategies toward sustainable omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids production: State of the art and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Patel A, Liefeldt S, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Co-production of DHA and squalene by thraustochytrid from forest biomass. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1992. [PMID: 32029800 PMCID: PMC7005032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, and specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are important and essential nutrients for human health. Thraustochytrids are recognised as commercial strains for nutraceuticals production, they are group of marine oleaginous microorganisms capable of co-synthesis of DHA and other valuable carotenoids in their cellular compartment. The present study sought to optimize DHA and squalene production by the thraustochytrid Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. The highest biomass yield (0.46 g/gsubstrate) and lipid productivity (0.239 g/gsubstrate) were observed with 60 g/L of glucose, following cultivation in a bioreactor, with the DHA content to be 67.76% w/wtotal lipids. To reduce costs, cheaper feedstocks and simultaneous production of various value-added products for pharmaceutical or energy use should be attempted. To this end, we replaced pure glucose with organosolv-pretreated spruce hydrolysate and assessed the simultaneous production of DHA and squalene from S. limacinum SR21. After the 72 h of cultivation period in bioreactor, the maximum DHA content was observed to 66.72% w/wtotal lipids that was corresponded to 10.15 g/L of DHA concentration. While the highest DHA productivity was 3.38 ± 0.27 g/L/d and squalene reached a total of 933.72 ± 6.53 mg/L (16.34 ± 1.81 mg/gCDW). In summary, we show that the co-production of DHA and squalene makes S. limacinum SR21 appropriate strain for commercial-scale production of nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Stephan Liefeldt
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
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10
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Microwave-assisted three-liquid-phase salting-out extraction of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich oil from cultivation broths of Schizochytrium limacinium SR21. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Morabito C, Bournaud C, Maës C, Schuler M, Aiese Cigliano R, Dellero Y, Maréchal E, Amato A, Rébeillé F. The lipid metabolism in thraustochytrids. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 76:101007. [PMID: 31499096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are unicellular heterotrophic marine protists of the Stramenopile group, often considered as non-photosynthetic microalgae. They have been isolated from a wide range of habitats including deep sea, but are mostly present in waters rich in sediments and organic materials. They are abundant in mangrove forests where they are major colonizers, feeding on decaying leaves and initiating the mangrove food web. Discovered 80 years ago, they have recently attracted considerable attention due to their biotechnological potential. This interest arises from their fast growth, their specific lipid metabolism and the improvement of the genetic tools and transformation techniques. These organisms are particularly rich in ω3-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an 'essential' fatty acid poorly encountered in land plants and animals but required for human health. To produce their DHA, thraustochytrids use a sophisticated system different from the classical fatty acid synthase system. They are also a potential source of squalene and carotenoids. Here we review our current knowledge about the life cycle, ecophysiology, and metabolism of these organisms, with a particular focus on lipid dynamics. We describe the different pathways involved in lipid and fatty acid syntheses, emphasizing their specificity, and we report on the recent efforts aimed to engineer their lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Morabito
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Caroline Bournaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Cécile Maës
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Martin Schuler
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Riccardo Aiese Cigliano
- Sequentia Biotech Campus UAB, Edifici Eureka Av. de Can Domènech s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Younès Dellero
- Institute of Genetic, Environment and Plant Protection, UMR 1349 IGEPP INRA/Agrocampus Ouest Rennes/Université Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu cedex, France.
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Alberto Amato
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Bindea M, Rusu B, Rusu A, Trif M, Leopold LF, Dulf F, Vodnar DC. Valorification of crude glycerol for pure fractions of docosahexaenoic acid and β-carotene production by using Schizochytrium limacinum and Blakeslea trispora. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:97. [PMID: 29908562 PMCID: PMC6004094 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this research is the investigation of a way to maximize the production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and β-carotene by optimizing the culture conditions of their sources, microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum and fungus Blakeslea trispora respectively, in a fermentation medium. The influencing factors in the fermentation process for producing DHA and β-carotene have proven to be: the concentration of carbon source (different glycerol crude and pure concentrations) for both of them, and in particular temperature for DHA and pH for β-carotene. Testing the effect of these parameters was determined: biomass, DHA and β-carotene concentration. The highest production by S. limacinum was obtained at 25 °C, while using a quantity of 90 g/L of glycerol (crude or pure) as a carbon source. Temperature was the main factor that influenced the biosynthesis of DHA. The quantification of DHA was made by GC–MS chromatography, followed by a purification process, with the end result of DHA in pure phase. The maximum quantities for β-carotene production were obtained with pH 7 and 60 g/L of crude glycerol. The results highlight the possibility of using crude glycerol as a low-cost substrates for growth of microalgae S. limacinum and of fungus B. trispora in order to obtain the crucial molecules: docosahexaenoic acid and β-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bindea
- Department of Food Science, Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan Rusu
- Department of Food Science, Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Rusu
- CENCIRA Agrofood Research and Innovation Centre, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Trif
- Department of Food Science, Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Loredana Florina Leopold
- Department of Food Science, Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Francisc Dulf
- Department of Food Science, Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Department of Food Science, Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Madeira MS, Cardoso C, Lopes PA, Coelho D, Afonso C, Bandarra NM, Prates JA. Microalgae as feed ingredients for livestock production and meat quality: A review. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Vegetable Oil-Biorefinery. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 166:69-98. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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