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Bao A, Xia X, Wang H, Li Q, Chen C, Zhang Y, Zhu H. Diterpenoids with Antibacterial Activities from the Fungus Trichoderma harzianum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15228-15236. [PMID: 38935872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A new fusicoccane diterpenoid, harziaderma A (1), two novel harziane diterpenoids, harzianones G and H (2 and 3), one revised harziane diterpenoid (4), and two known diterpenoids (5 and 6) were isolated from the fungus Trichoderma harzianum and established via NMR, HRESIMS, Mo2(OAc)4-induced circular dichroism (ICD) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. It is worth noting that compound 1 represents the first instance of a fusicoccane-type diterpenoid derived from T. harzianum. The structure of furanharzianone B was revised to 4 via careful spectroscopic analyses. Additionally, compounds 2 and 5 could suppress the overall growth of the foodborne bacterial pathogen Bacillus cereus. Compound 4 showed a moderate suppressive impact on NO generation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The discoveries from the current study not only expanded the structural variety of diterpenoids isolated from T. harzianum but also laid a robust foundation for the development of harziane diterpenoids as anti-foodborne pathogen agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Bao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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2
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Song YP, Ji NY. Chemistry and biology of marine-derived Trichoderma metabolites. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:14. [PMID: 38302800 PMCID: PMC10834931 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Marine-derived fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been surveyed for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals since 1993, with various new secondary metabolites being characterized from the strains of marine animal, plant, sediment, and water origin. Chemical structures and biological activities of these metabolites are comprehensively reviewed herein up to the end of 2022 (covering 30 years). More than 70 strains that belong to at least 18 known Trichoderma species have been chemically investigated during this period. As a result, 445 new metabolites, including terpenes, steroids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and others, have been identified, with over a half possessing antimicroalgal, zooplankton-toxic, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. The research is highlighted by the molecular diversity and antimicroalgal potency of terpenes and steroids. In addition, metabolic relevance along with co-culture induction in the production of new compounds is also concluded. Trichoderma strains of marine origin can transform and degrade heterogeneous molecules, but these functions need further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ping Song
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Chung J, Capani JS, Göhl M, Roosen PC, Vanderwal CD. Enantioselective Syntheses of Wickerols A and B. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6486-6497. [PMID: 36883956 PMCID: PMC10037325 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of a successful strategy for the synthesis of the strained, cage-like antiviral diterpenoids wickerols A and B is described. Initial attempts to access the carbocyclic core were surprisingly challenging and in retrospect, presaged the many detours needed to ultimately arrive at the fully adorned wickerol architecture. In most cases, conditions to trigger desired outcomes with respect to both reactivity and stereochemistry were hard-won. The successful synthesis ultimately leveraged alkenes in virtually all productive bond-forming events. A series of conjugate addition reactions generated the fused tricyclic core, a Claisen rearrangement was used to install an otherwise unmanageable methyl-bearing stereogenic center, and a Prins cyclization closed the strained bridging ring. This final reaction proved enormously interesting because the strain of the ring system permitted diversion of the presumed initial Prins product into several different scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph S Capani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Matthias Göhl
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Philipp C Roosen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Christopher D Vanderwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 101 Theory #100, Irvine, California 92617, United States
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4
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Qiu P, Xia J, Zhang H, Lin D, Shao Z. A Review of Diterpenes from Marine-Derived Fungi: 2009-2021. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238303. [PMID: 36500394 PMCID: PMC9741372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine-derived fungi are important sources of novel compounds and pharmacologically active metabolites. As an important class of natural products, diterpenes show various biological activities, such as antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and cytotoxic activities. Developments of equipment for the deep-sea sample collection allow discoveries of more marine-derived fungi with increasing diversity, and much progress has been made in the identification of diterpenes with novel structures and bioactivities from marine fungi in the past decade. The present review article summarized the chemical structures, producing organisms and biological activities of 237 diterpenes which were isolated from various marine-derived fungi over the period from 2009 to 2021. This review is beneficial for the exploration of marine-derived fungi as promising sources of bioactive diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qiu
- Marine Biomedical Research Institution, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Jinmei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Marine Biomedical Research Institution, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Donghai Lin
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zongze Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.S.)
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5
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Guo R, Li G, Zhang Z, Peng X. Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma harzianum. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:701. [PMID: 36355024 PMCID: PMC9696559 DOI: 10.3390/md20110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum, from both marine and terrestrial environments, has attracted considerable attention. T. harzianum has a tremendous potential to produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs), which are an important source of new herbicides and antibiotics. This review prioritizes the SMs of T. harzianum from 1988 to June 2022, and their relevant biological activities. Marine-derived SMs, especially terpenoids, polyketides, and macrolides compounds, occupy a significant proportion of natural products from T. harzianum, deserving more of our attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoping Peng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Bai B, Liu C, Zhang C, He X, Wang H, Peng W, Zheng C. Trichoderma species from plant and soil: An excellent resource for biosynthesis of terpenoids with versatile bioactivities. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00212-0. [PMID: 36195283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma species are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. In the past decades, a series of secondary metabolites were reported from different Trichoderma fungi, among which terpenoids possessing versatile structural diversities and extensive pharmacological activities are one of the particularly important categories. AIM OF REVIEW The review aims to summarize the terpenoids isolated from Trichoderma species regarding their structural diversities, biological activities, and promising biosynthetic potentials. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW So far, a total of 253 terpenoids, including 202 sesquiterpenes, 48 diterpenes, 2 monoterpenes and 1 meroterpenoid, were isolated and identified from Trichoderma species between 1948 and 2022. Pharmacological investigations of Trichoderma terpenoids mainly focused on their antibacterial activities, antifungal activities, inhibitory activities on marine plankton species and cytotoxic activities, indicating that Trichoderma species are important microbial agents for drug discovery and environmentally friendly agrochemicals development. Intriguing chemistry and enzymology involved in the biosynthesis of Trichoderma terpenoids were also presented to facilitate further precise genome mining-guided novel structure discovery. Taken together, the abundance of novel skeletons, bioactivities and biosynthetic potentials presents new opportunities for drug and agrochemicals discovery, genome mining and enzymology exploration from Trichoderma species. The work will provide references for the profound study of terpenoids derived from Trichoderma, and facilitate further studies on Trichoderma species in the areas of chemistry, medicine, agriculture and microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingke Bai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chengzhong Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xuhui He
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
| | - Chengjian Zheng
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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7
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Usami Y, Nakamura K, Mizobuchi Y, Mizuki K, Harusawa S, Yoneyama H, Yamada T. Enantiomeric composition of natural pericosine A derived from Periconia byssoides and α-glycosidase inhibitory activity of (-)-enantiomer. Chirality 2022; 34:1320-1327. [PMID: 35775430 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of natural pericosine A, which appeared in literature first in 1977, from Periconia byssoides was conducted using a column CHIRALPAK® AD-H to determine the enantiomeric composition of the original mixture which was found to be 68: 32 mixtures of (+)- and (-)-enantiomer, respectively. Furthermore, two independently isolated samples of pericosine A from the same fungus were also analyzed to show the two peaks in the HPLC charts at approximate 1:1 ratio. These results concluded that pericosine A derived from Periconia byssoides was indeed an enantiomeric mixture. Synthesized enantiomers were subjected to evaluation of antitumor activity against three kinds of tumor cells (p388, L1210, HL-60), indicating moderate cytotoxicity against all three kinds of tumor cell lines, but significant difference in potency between the enantiomers was not observed. In contrast, when both the enantiomers of pericosine A were evaluated against five kinds of glycosidases-inhibitory activities (α- and β-glucosidases, α- and β-galactosidases, and α-mannosidase), an apparent difference on anti-glycosidase assay was found between the enantiomers: (-)-pericosine A inhibited α-glucosidase at IC50 : 2.25 mM, and β-galactosidase at IC50 : 5.38 mM, albeit the (+)-enantiomer showed inactivity against these five enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Usami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Renamed as Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University in April 2021), Osaka, Japan
| | - Kimika Nakamura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Renamed as Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University in April 2021), Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshino Mizobuchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Renamed as Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University in April 2021), Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Mizuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Renamed as Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University in April 2021), Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Harusawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Renamed as Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University in April 2021), Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoneyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Renamed as Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University in April 2021), Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Medicinal Molecular Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Zhang FL, Feng T. Diterpenes Specially Produced by Fungi: Structures, Biological Activities, and Biosynthesis (2010–2020). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030244. [PMID: 35330246 PMCID: PMC8951520 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi have traditionally been a very rewarding source of biologically active natural products, while diterpenoids from fungi, such as the cyathane-type diterpenoids from Cyathus and Hericium sp., the fusicoccane-type diterpenoids from Fusicoccum and Alternaria sp., the guanacastane-type diterpenoids from Coprinus and Cercospora sp., and the harziene-type diterpenoids from Trichoderma sp., often represent unique carbon skeletons as well as diverse biological functions. The abundances of novel skeletons, biological activities, and biosynthetic pathways present new opportunities for drug discovery, genome mining, and enzymology. In addition, diterpenoids peculiar to fungi also reveal the possibility of differing biological evolution, although they have similar biosynthetic pathways. In this review, we provide an overview about the structures, biological activities, evolution, organic synthesis, and biosynthesis of diterpenoids that have been specially produced by fungi from 2010 to 2020. We hope this review provides timely illumination and beneficial guidance for future research works of scholars who are interested in this area.
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9
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Nuansri S, Rukachaisirikul V, Rungwirain N, Kaewin S, Yimnual C, Phongpaichit S, Preedanon S, Sakayaroj J, Muanprasat C. α-Pyrone and decalin derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum PSU-MF79. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:5462-5469. [PMID: 34894887 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2015593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two new compounds, one α-pyrone (trichoharzianone) and one decalin (trichoharzianin), along with eight known compounds including three decalins, two δ-lactones, two carboxylic acids and one isochroman were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum PSU-MF79. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. The relative configuration of trichoharzianin was assigned based on NOEDIFF data and coupling constants whereas the absolute configurations were established by comparison of electronic circular dichroism data with those of the co-metabolites. Known (-)-massoia lactone exhibited mild antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC90113 flucytosine-resistant, Candida albicans ATCC90028 and C. albicans NCPF3153 with MIC values of 128, 200 and 200 µg/mL, respectively, and weak cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines with the respective IC50 values of 17 and 32 µM. In addition, it was noncytotoxic against noncancerous Vero cells with an IC50 value of >100 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucheewin Nuansri
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Vatcharin Rukachaisirikul
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Narate Rungwirain
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Suchada Kaewin
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Phli, Samut Prakarn, Thailand
| | - Chantapol Yimnual
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Phli, Samut Prakarn, Thailand
| | - Souwalak Phongpaichit
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Sita Preedanon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Jariya Sakayaroj
- School of Science, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhonsithammarat, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Phli, Samut Prakarn, Thailand
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Zhang B, Zhang T, Xu J, Lu J, Qiu P, Wang T, Ding L. Marine Sponge-Associated Fungi as Potential Novel Bioactive Natural Product Sources for Drug Discovery: A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:1966-2010. [PMID: 32851959 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200826123248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marine sponge-associated fungi are promising sources of structurally interesting and bioactive secondary metabolites. Great plenty of natural products have been discovered from spongeassociated fungi in recent years. Here reviewed are 571 new compounds isolated from marine fungi associated with sponges in 2010-2018. These molecules comprised eight different structural classes, including alkaloids, polyketides, terpenoids, meroterpenoids, etc. Moreover, most of these compounds demonstrated profoundly biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, cytotoxic, etc. This review systematically summarized the structural diversity, biological function, and future potential of these novel bioactive natural products for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Jianzhou Xu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Panpan Qiu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Lijian Ding
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
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11
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Yu JY, Shi T, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Zhao DL, Wang CY. Naphthalene derivatives and halogenate quinoline from the coral-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum (XS-20090075) through OSMAC approach. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2021; 23:250-257. [PMID: 32077325 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2020.1729752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OSMAC approach was performed on the soft coral-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum (XS-20090075) leading to the significant changes of its secondary metabolites by using two different cultures. A new naphthalene derivative, trichoharzin B (1) and a new natural product, methyl-trichoharzin (2) were isolated by using rice medium. Whereas, a new natural product, ethyl 2-bromo-4-chloroquinoline-3-carboxylate (9) was obtained by using Czapek's medium. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic investigation. The absolute configuration of 5 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 9 was the first halogenate quinoline derivative isolated from the genus of Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ting Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dong-Lin Zhao
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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12
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Jiang M, Wu Z, Guo H, Liu L, Chen S. A Review of Terpenes from Marine-Derived Fungi: 2015-2019. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E321. [PMID: 32570903 PMCID: PMC7345631 DOI: 10.3390/md18060321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine-derived fungi are a significant source of pharmacologically active metabolites with interesting structural properties, especially terpenoids with biological and chemical diversity. In the past five years, there has been a tremendous increase in the rate of new terpenoids from marine-derived fungi being discovered. In this updated review, we examine the chemical structures and bioactive properties of new terpenes from marine-derived fungi, and the biodiversity of these fungi from 2015 to 2019. A total of 140 research papers describing 471 new terpenoids of six groups (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterterpenes, triterpenes, and meroterpenes) from 133 marine fungal strains belonging to 34 genera were included. Among them, sesquiterpenes, meroterpenes, and diterpenes comprise the largest proportions of terpenes, and the fungi genera of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma are the dominant producers of terpenoids. The majority of the marine-derived fungi are isolated from live marine matter: marine animals and aquatic plants (including mangrove plants and algae). Moreover, many terpenoids display various bioactivities, including cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity, lethal toxicity, anti-inflammatory activity, enzyme inhibitor activity, etc. In our opinion, the chemical diversity and biological activities of these novel terpenoids will provide medical and chemical researchers with a plenty variety of promising lead compounds for the development of marine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Jiang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.J.); (Z.W.); (H.G.); (L.L.)
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenger Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.J.); (Z.W.); (H.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Heng Guo
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.J.); (Z.W.); (H.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Lan Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.J.); (Z.W.); (H.G.); (L.L.)
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Senhua Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.J.); (Z.W.); (H.G.); (L.L.)
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
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13
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Cheng MM, Tang XL, Sun YT, Song DY, Cheng YJ, Liu H, Li PL, Li GQ. Biological and Chemical Diversity of Marine Sponge-Derived Microorganisms over the Last Two Decades from 1998 to 2017. Molecules 2020; 25:E853. [PMID: 32075151 PMCID: PMC7070270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges are well known as rich sources of biologically natural products. Growing evidence indicates that sponges harbor a wealth of microorganisms in their bodies, which are likely to be the true producers of bioactive secondary metabolites. In order to promote the study of natural product chemistry and explore the relationship between microorganisms and their sponge hosts, in this review, we give a comprehensive overview of the structures, sources, and activities of the 774 new marine natural products from sponge-derived microorganisms described over the last two decades from 1998 to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-T.S.); (D.-Y.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.L.)
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Xu-Li Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Songling Road 238, Qingdao 266100, China;
| | - Yan-Ting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-T.S.); (D.-Y.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.L.)
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Dong-Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-T.S.); (D.-Y.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.L.)
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Yu-Jing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-T.S.); (D.-Y.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.L.)
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-T.S.); (D.-Y.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.L.)
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Ping-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-T.S.); (D.-Y.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.L.)
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-T.S.); (D.-Y.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.L.)
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
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14
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New Diterpenes with a Fused 6-5-6-6 Ring System Isolated from the Marine Sponge-Derived Fungus Trichoderma harzianum. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17080480. [PMID: 31430881 PMCID: PMC6722853 DOI: 10.3390/md17080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New diterpenes, namely, trichodermanins F–H, with a fused 6-5-6-6 ring system were isolated from the fungus Trichoderma harzianum OUPS-111D-4 separated from a marine sponge Halichondria okadai. These chemical structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR as well as high-resolution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (HRFABMS) spectral analyses. We established their absolute stereostructures by application of the modified Mosher’s method or circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. In addition, their cytotoxicities were assessed using several cancer cell lines, with 1 and 2 exhibiting modest activities.
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15
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Liang XR, Ma XY, Ji NY. Trichosordarin A, a norditerpene glycoside from the marine-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum R5. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:2037-2042. [PMID: 30777455 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1574782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new sordarin derivative, trichosordarin A (1), with a unique norditerpene aglycone was isolated from the culture of a marine-sediment-derived fungal strain, Trichoderma harzianum R5. Its structure and relative configuration were unequivocally identified by a combination of 1D/2D NMR, IR, and mass spectrometric methods. Compound 1 was assayed to be toxic to the marine zooplankton Artemia salina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rui Liang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,Naval Aviation University, Yantai, China
| | - Xin-Yue Ma
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
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16
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Abstract
Covering: January to December 2017This review covers the literature published in 2017 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 740 citations (723 for the period January to December 2017) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1490 in 477 papers for 2017), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. Geographic distributions of MNPs at a phylogenetic level are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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17
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Song YP, Fang ST, Miao FP, Yin XL, Ji NY. Diterpenes and Sesquiterpenes from the Marine Algicolous Fungus Trichoderma harzianum X-5. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:2553-2559. [PMID: 30351930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Six new terpenes, including one harziane diterpene, 3 R-hydroxy-9 R,10 R-dihydroharzianone (1), one proharziane diterpene, 11 R-methoxy-5,9,13-proharzitrien-3-ol (2), three cyclonerane sesquiterpenes, 11-methoxy-9-cycloneren-3,7-diol (3), 10-cycloneren-3,5,7-triol (4), and methyl 3,7-dihydroxy-15-cycloneranate (5), and one acorane sesquiterpene, 8-acoren-3,11-diol (6), were isolated from the culture of Trichoderma harzianum X-5, an endophytic fungus obtained from the marine brown alga Laminaria japonica. Their structures and relative configurations were established by analysis of 1D/2D NMR, HREIMS, and IR data, and the absolute configurations were assigned on the basis of ECD curves or biogenetic considerations. These terpenes possess four different carbon skeletons, and compound 2, with a rarely occurring bicyclic framework, represents a possible precursor of tetracyclic harzianes. Compounds 1-6 exhibited growth inhibition of some marine phytoplankton species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ping Song
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Tao Fang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Ping Miao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Li Yin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , People's Republic of China
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18
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Four New C9 Metabolites from the Sponge-Associated Fungus Gliomastix sp. ZSDS1-F7-2. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16070231. [PMID: 29987219 PMCID: PMC6071072 DOI: 10.3390/md16070231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new structurally related metabolites, one γ-lactone named gliomasolide F (1), one δ-lactone named gliomasolide G (2), and two medium-chain fatty acids named gliomacids A–B (3–4), each containing nine carbons in total, were identified from the sponge-associated fungus Gliomastix sp. ZSDS1-F7-2. The planar chemical structures of these novel C9 metabolites were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic methods, in connection with the analysis of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and infrared (IR) data. The absolute configuration of 1, was determined by comparisons of experimental circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotation (OR) value with corresponding ones computed by quantum chemistry. The relative configuration of 2 was determined by the Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) spectrum, while its absolute configuration was tentatively determined in view of the biogenetic and biosynthetic relationships between 1 and 2. Compounds 3–4, originally as an inseparable mixture, were successfully isolated after chemical modifications. The stereo-chemistries of compounds 3–4 were assumed by comparison of 13C NMR with those of the similar moiety reported in literature, in addition to the biogenetic and biosynthetic relationships with 1. The plausible biosynthetic relationships among these four C9 metabolites were supposed. Biologically, compounds 1–4 showed no cytotoxic effect against HeLa cell line at concentrations up to 25 μg/mL, while 1 exhibited moderate antifouling activity against the settlement of Balanus amphitrite larvae with IC50 being 12.8 μg/mL and LC50 > 25 μg/mL. The co-occurrence of macrolides gliomasolides A—E and four C9 metabolites in the same fermentation culture made us assume that these C9 metabolites might be biosynthetic building blocks toward the construction of more complex macrolides such as gliomasolides A—E or other unidentified polyketides.
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19
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Elucidation of the Relationship between CD Cotton Effects and the Absolute Configuration of Sixteen Stereoisomers of Spiroheterocyclic-Lactams. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16070223. [PMID: 29966281 PMCID: PMC6071047 DOI: 10.3390/md16070223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of research to search for antitumor agents in fungi originating from marine organisms, cephalimysins E–L were isolated from a culture broth of Aspergillus fumigatus that was separated from the marine fish Mugil cephalus. One- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectra revealed their planar structures, which are diastereomers of each other. Their absolute stereostructures were established by epimerization at C-8 with acidic methanol, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. These demonstrated the detailed relationships between absolute configuration and CD Cotton effects. Additionally, in the growth inhibition assay against P388, HL-60, L1210, and KB cell lines, some of the fungal metabolites or reaction products exhibited moderate activities.
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Yamada T, Matsuda M, Seki M, Hirose M, Kikuchi T. Sterepinic Acids A⁻C, New Carboxylic Acids Produced by a Marine Alga-Derived Fungus. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061336. [PMID: 29865212 PMCID: PMC6099533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterepinic acids A⁻C (1⁻3), new carboxylic acids with two primary alcohols, have been isolated from a fungal strain of Stereum sp. OUPS-124D-1 attached to the marine alga Undaria pinnatifida. Dihydro-1,5-secovibralactone (4), a new vibralactone derivative, was isolated from the same fungal metabolites together with known vibralactone A (5), and 1,5-secovibralactone (6). The planar structures of these compounds have been elucidated by spectroscopic analyses using IR, HRFABMS, and NMR spectra. To determine the absolute configuration of the compounds, we used the phenylglycine methyl ester (PGME) method. These compounds exhibited less activity in the cytotoxicity assay against cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamada
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Miwa Matsuda
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Mayuko Seki
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Megumi Hirose
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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Strepchazolins A and B: Two New Alkaloids from a Marine Streptomyces chartreusis NA02069. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15080244. [PMID: 28767052 PMCID: PMC5577599 DOI: 10.3390/md15080244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new alkaloids, strepchazolins A (1) and B (2), together with a previously reported compound, streptazolin (3), were isolated from a marine actinomycete, Streptomyces chartreusis NA02069, collected in the Coast of Hainan Island, China. The structures of new compounds were determined by extensive NMR, mass spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analysis, as well as modified Mosher’s method. Compound 1 showed weak anti-Bacillus subtilis activity with the MIC value of 64.0 μM, and weak inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in vitro with IC50 value of 50.6 μM, while its diastereoisomer, Compound 2, is almost inactive.
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