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Bougatef H, Volpi N, Ben Amor I, Capitani F, Maccari F, Gargouri J, Sila A, Bougatef A. Chondroitin sulfate from heads of corb: Recovery, structural analysis and assessment of anticoagulant activity. Carbohydr Res 2024; 541:109163. [PMID: 38805806 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In this study, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were extracted from corb (Sciaena umbra) heads and thoroughly examined for their structure. Through cellulose acetate electrophoresis, the GAGs were identified as chondroitin sulfate (CS), with a recovery yield of 10.35 %. The CS exhibited notable characteristics including a high sulfate content (12.4 %) and an average molecular weight of 38.32 kDa. Further analysis via 1H NMR spectroscopy and SAX-HPLC revealed that the CS primarily consisted of alternating units predominantly composed of monosulfated disaccharides at positions 6 and 4 of GalNAc (52.6 % and 38.8 %, respectively). The ratio of sulfate groups between positions 4 and 6 of GalNAc (4/6 ratio) was approximately 0.74, resulting in an overall charge density of 0.98. Thermal properties of the CS were assessed using techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Notably, the CS demonstrated concentration-dependent prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and thrombin time (TT) while showing no effect on platelet function. At 200 μg/mL, aPTT and TT coagulation times were 1.4 and 3.7 times faster than the control, respectively. These findings suggest that CS derived from corb heads holds promise as an anticoagulant agent for therapy, although further clinical investigations are necessary to validate its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Bougatef
- Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroresources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, 3038, Tunisia
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Ikram Ben Amor
- Sfax Regional Blood Transfusion Center, El-Ain Road Km 0.5, 3003, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Federica Capitani
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Jalel Gargouri
- Laboratory of Hematology, Medical Faculty of Sfax. University of Sfax, Magida Boulila Avenue, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Assaad Sila
- Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroresources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, 3038, Tunisia; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, 2100, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Ali Bougatef
- Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroresources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, 3038, Tunisia; High Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, 3038, Tunisia.
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2
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Lu D, Wang W, Li X, Wang L, Guo Y, Zhu C, Wang X, Lian B, Bai J, Zhang Q. Identification and characterization of a PL35 GAGs lyase with 4-O-sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine (A-type)-rich structures producing property. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131283. [PMID: 38561119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) lyases are important tools for investigating the structure of GAGs and preparing low-molecular-weight GAGs. The PL35 family, a recently established polysaccharide lyase family, should be further investigated. In this study, we discovered a new GAG lyase, CHa1, which belongs to the PL35 family. When expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli (BL21), CHa1 exhibited high expression levels and solubility. The optimal activity was observed in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0) or sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) at 30 °C. The specific activities towards HA, CSA, CSC, CSD, CSE, and HS were 3.81, 13.03, 36.47, 18.46, 6.46, and 0.50 U/mg protein, respectively. CHa1 digests substrate chains randomly that acting as an endolytic lyase and shows a significant preference for GlcA-containing structures, prefers larger oligosaccharides (≥UDP8) and can generate a series of oligosaccharides composed mainly of the A unit when digesting CSA. These oligosaccharides include ΔC-A, ΔC-A-A, ΔC-A-A-A, ΔC-A-A-A-A, and ΔC-A-A-A-A-A. The residues Tyr257 and His421 play crucial roles in the catalytic process, and Ser211, Asn212, Asn213, Trp214, Gln216, Lys360, Arg460 and Gln462 may participate in the binding process of CHa1. This study on CHa1 contributes to our understanding of the PL35 family and provides valuable tools for investigating the structure of GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danrong Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Luping Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yankai Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Changjian Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Bo Lian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Jingkun Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Qingdong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China.
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Saha SK, Zhu Y, Murray P, Madden L. Future proofing of chondroitin sulphate production: Importance of sustainability and quality for the end-applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131577. [PMID: 38615853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphates (CSs) are the most well-known glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found in any living organism, from microorganisms to invertebrates and vertebrates (including humans), and provide several health benefits. The applications of CSs are numerous including tissue engineering, osteoarthritis treatment, antiviral, cosmetics, and skincare applications. The current commercial production of CSs mostly uses animal, bovine, porcine, and avian tissues as well as marine organisms, marine mammals, sharks, and other fish. The production process consists of tissue hydrolysis, protein removal, and purification using various methods. Mostly, these are chemical-dependent and are complex, multi-step processes. There is a developing trend for abandonment of harsh extraction chemicals and their substitution with different green-extraction technologies, however, these are still in their infancy. The quality of CSs is the first and foremost requirement for end-applications and is dependent on the extraction and purification methodologies used. The final products will show different bio-functional properties, depending on their origin and production methodology. This is a comprehensive review of the characteristics, properties, uses, sources, and extraction methods of CSs. This review emphasises the need for extraction and purification processes to be environmentally friendly and gentle, followed by product analysis and quality control to ensure the expected bioactivity of CSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushanta Kumar Saha
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, LIFE Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, Limerick V94 E8YF, Ireland.
| | - Yin Zhu
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, LIFE Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, Limerick V94 E8YF, Ireland
| | - Patrick Murray
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, LIFE Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, Limerick V94 E8YF, Ireland
| | - Lena Madden
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, LIFE Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, Limerick V94 E8YF, Ireland
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Zamani A, Khajavi M, Nazarpak MH, Solouk A, Atef M. Preliminary evaluation of fish cartilage as a promising biomaterial in cartilage tissue engineering. Ann Anat 2024; 253:152232. [PMID: 38402996 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Fish cartilage is known as a valuable source of natural biomaterials due to its unique composition and properties. It contains a variety of bioactive components that contribute to its potential applications in different domains such as tissue engineering. The present work aimed to consider the properties of backbone cartilage from fish with a cartilaginous skeleton, including elasmobranch (reticulate whipray: Himantura uarnak and milk shark: Rhizoprionodon acutus) and sturgeon (beluga: Huso huso). The histomorphometric findings showed that the number of chondrocytes was significantly higher in reticulate whipray and milk shark compared to beluga (p < 0.05). The highest GAGs content was recorded in reticulate whipray cartilage compared to the other two species (p < 0.05). The cartilage from reticulate whipray and beluga showed higher collagen content than milk shark cartilage (p < 0.05), and the immunohistochemical assay for type II collagen (Col II) showed higher amounts of this component in reticulate whipray compared to the other two species. Young's modulus of the cartilage from reticulate whipray was significantly higher than that of milk shark and beluga (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was recorded between Young's modulus of the cartilage from milk shark and beluga. The gene expression of ACAN, Col II, and Sox9 showed that the cartilage-ECM from three species was able to induce chondrocyte differentiation from human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs). From these results, it can be concluded that the cartilage from three species, especially reticulate whipray, enjoys the appropriate biological properties and provides a basis for promoting its applications in the field of cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Zamani
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran; New Technologies Research Center, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Khajavi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| | | | - Atefeh Solouk
- Department of Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Atef
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Yuan Q, Shi X, Ma H, Yao Y, Zhang B, Zhao L. Recent progress in marine chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate hybrid chains as potential functional foods and therapeutic agents. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129969. [PMID: 38325688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and CS/DS hybrid chains are natural complex glycosaminoglycans with high structural diversity and widely distributed in marine organisms, such as fish, shrimp, starfish, and sea cucumber. Numerous CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains with various structures and activities have been obtained from marine animals and have received extensive attention. However, only a few of these hybrid chains have been well-characterized and commercially developed. This review presents information on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities, potential action mechanisms, and structure-activity relationships of marine CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives in the research of CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains. This review may provide a useful reference for the further investigation, development, and application of CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains in the fields of functional foods and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Yuan
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China.
| | - Xiang Shi
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Haiqiong Ma
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China
| | - Yue Yao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China
| | - Baoshun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Longyan Zhao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China.
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Vassallo V, Di Meo C, Toro G, Alfano A, Iolascon G, Schiraldi C. Hyaluronic Acid-Based Injective Medical Devices: In Vitro Characterization of Novel Formulations Containing Biofermentative Unsulfated Chondroitin or Extractive Sulfated One with Cyclodextrins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1429. [PMID: 37895900 PMCID: PMC10610477 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) pharma-grade forms are used for osteoarthritis (OA) management, CS as an oral formulations component, and HA as intra-articular injective medical devices. Recently, unsulfated chondroitin, obtained through biofermentative (BC) manufacturing, has been proposed for thermally stabilized injective preparation with HA. This study aimed to highlight the specific properties of two commercial injective medical devices, one based on HA/BC complexes and the other containing HA, extractive CS, and cyclodextrins, in order to provide valuable information for joint disease treatments. Their biophysical and biomechanical features were assayed; in addition, biological tests were performed on human pathological chondrocytes. Rheological measurements displayed similar behavior, with a slightly higher G' for HA/BC, which also proved superior stability to the hyaluronidase attack. Both samples reduced the expression of specific OA-related biomarkers such as NF-kB, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and metalloprotease-13 (MMP-13). Moreover, HA/BC better ensured chondrocyte phenotype maintenance by up-regulating collagen type 2A1 (COLII) and aggrecan (AGN). Notwithstanding, the similarity of biomolecule components, the manufacturing process, raw materials characteristics, and specific concentration resulted in affecting the biomechanical and, more interestingly, the biochemical properties, suggesting potential better performances of HA/BC in joint disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vassallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (C.D.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Celeste Di Meo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (C.D.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Toro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.T.); (G.I.)
| | - Alberto Alfano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (C.D.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Giovanni Iolascon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.T.); (G.I.)
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (C.D.M.); (A.A.)
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Carvalho DN, Gelinsky M, Williams DS, Mearns-Spragg A, Reis RL, Silva TH. Marine collagen-chitosan-fucoidan/chondroitin sulfate cryo-biomaterials loaded with primary human cells envisaging cartilage tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124510. [PMID: 37080412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage repair after a trauma or a degenerative disease like osteoarthritis (OA) continues to be a big challenge in current medicine due to the limited self-regenerative capacity of the articular cartilage tissues. To overcome the current limitations, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) and adjacent areas have focused their efforts on new therapeutical procedures and materials capable of restoring normal tissue functionalities through polymeric scaffolding and stem cell engineering approaches. For this, the sustainable exploration of marine origin materials has emerged in the last years as a natural alternative to mammal sources, benefiting from their biological properties (e.g., biocompatibility, biodegradability, no toxicity, among others) for the development of several types of scaffolds. In this study, marine collagen(jCOL)-chitosan(sCHT)-fucoidan(aFUC)/chondroitin sulfate(aCS) were cryo-processed (-20 °C, -80 °C, and -196 °C) and a chemical-free crosslinking approach was explored to establish cohesive and stable cryogel materials. The cryogels were intensively characterized to assess their oscillatory behavior, thermal structural stability, thixotropic properties (around 45 % for the best formulations), injectability, and surface structural organization. Additionally, the cryogels demonstrate an interesting microenvironment in in vitro studies using human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs), supporting their viability and proliferation. In both physic-chemical and in vitro studies, the systems that contain fucoidan in their formulations, i.e., C1 (jCOL, sCHT, aFUC) and C3 (jCOL, sCHT, aFUC, aCS), submitted at -80 °C, are those that demonstrated most promising results for future application in articular cartilage tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Nuno Carvalho
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint- and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - David S Williams
- Jellagen Limited, Unit G6, Capital Business Park, Parkway, St Mellons, Cardiff CF3 2PY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Mearns-Spragg
- Jellagen Limited, Unit G6, Capital Business Park, Parkway, St Mellons, Cardiff CF3 2PY, United Kingdom
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tiago H Silva
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Waiprib Y, Ingrungruengluet P, Worawattanamateekul W. Nanoparticles Based on Chondroitin Sulfate from Tuna Heads and Chitooligosaccharides for Enhanced Water Solubility and Sustained Release of Curcumin. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040834. [PMID: 36850119 PMCID: PMC9965308 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to separate chondroitin sulfate (CS) from the heads of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), by-products derived from canned tuna processing, via a biological process. The use of 1% w/w papain and an incubation time of 48 h resulted in a degree of hydrolysis of 93.75 ± 2.94% and a CS content of 59.53 ± 1.77 mg/100 g. The FTIR spectra of extracted CS products exhibited identical functional groups found in commercially available CS. The molecular weights of CS extracted from skipjack and yellowfin tuna heads were 11.0 kDa and 7.7 kDa, respectively. Subsequently, a CH:CS ratio of 3:2 for CS and chitooligosaccharides (CH) was chosen as the optimal ratio for the preparation of spherical nanoparticles, with %EE, mean particle size, PDI, and zeta potential values of 50.89 ± 0.66%, 128.90 ± 3.29 nm, 0.27 ± 0.04, and -12.47 ± 2.06, respectively. The CU content was enhanced to 127.21 ± 1.66 μg/mL. The release of CU from this particular nanosystem involved mainly a drug diffusion mechanism, with a burst release in the first 3 h followed by a sustained release of CU over 24 h. The DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity results confirmed the efficient encapsulation of CU into CHCS nanoparticles. This study will provide a theoretical basis for CS derived from tuna head cartilages to be used as a functional component with specific functional properties in food and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowapha Waiprib
- Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-814592125
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Rigogliuso S, Campora S, Notarbartolo M, Ghersi G. Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms: Focus on the Future Perspectives for Pharmacological, Biomedical and Regenerative Medicine Applications of Marine Collagen. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031152. [PMID: 36770818 PMCID: PMC9920902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine environments cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface and are among the richest and most complex ecosystems. In terms of biodiversity, the ocean represents an important source, still not widely exploited, of bioactive products derived from species of bacteria, plants, and animals. However, global warming, in combination with multiple anthropogenic practices, represents a serious environmental problem that has led to an increase in gelatinous zooplankton, a phenomenon referred to as jellyfish bloom. In recent years, the idea of "sustainable development" has emerged as one of the essential elements of green-economy initiatives; therefore, the marine environment has been re-evaluated and considered an important biological resource. Several bioactive compounds of marine origin are being studied, and among these, marine collagen represents one of the most attractive bio-resources, given its use in various disciplines, such as clinical applications, cosmetics, the food sector, and many other industrial applications. This review aims to provide a current overview of marine collagen applications in the pharmacological and biomedical fields, regenerative medicine, and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatrice Rigogliuso
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Campora
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (M.N.); Tel.: +39-091-238-62813 (S.C.); +39-091-238-97426 (M.N.)
| | - Monica Notarbartolo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (M.N.); Tel.: +39-091-238-62813 (S.C.); +39-091-238-97426 (M.N.)
| | - Giulio Ghersi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Abiel s.r.l., c/o Department STEBICEF, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Molecular Fingerprint of Human Pathological Synoviocytes in Response to Extractive Sulfated and Biofermentative Unsulfated Chondroitins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415865. [PMID: 36555507 PMCID: PMC9784855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharma-grade extractive chondroitin sulfate (CS) is widely used for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. Recently, unsulfated biofermentative chondroitin (BC) proved positive effects in OA in vitro model. This study, based on primary pathological human synoviocytes, aimed to analyze, by a multiplex assay, a panel of OA-related biomarkers in response to short-term treatments with bovine (CSb), pig (CSp) and fish (CSf) chondroitins, in comparison to BC. As expected, all samples had anti-inflammatory properties, however CSb, CSf and especially BC affected more cytokines and chemokines. Based on these results and molecular weight similarity, CSf and BC were selected to further explore the synoviocytes' response. In fact, Western blot analyses showed CSf and BC were comparable, downregulating OA-related biomarkers such as the proteins mTOR, NF-kB, PTX-3 and COMP-2. Proteomic analyses, performed by applying a nano-LC-MS/MS TMT isobaric labelling-based approach, displayed the modulation of both common and distinct molecules to chondroitin treatments. Thus, CSf and BC modulated the biological mediators involved in the inflammation cascade, matrix degradation/remodeling, glycosaminoglycans' synthesis and cellular homeostasis. This study helps in shedding light on different molecular mechanisms related to OA disease that may be potentially affected not only by animal-source chondroitin sulfate but also by unsulfated biofermentative chondroitin.
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Santos PRM, Johny A, Silva CQ, Azenha MA, Vázquez JA, Valcarcel J, Pereira CM, Silva AF. Improved Metal Cation Optosensing Membranes through the Incorporation of Sulphated Polysaccharides. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27155026. [PMID: 35956976 PMCID: PMC9370371 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Optosensing chitosan-based membranes have been applied for the detection of heavy metals, especially in drinking water. The novelty of this study is based on the use of sulphated polysaccharides, in such optosensing membranes, aiming at an improved analytical performance. The sulphated polysaccharides, such as ulvan, fucoidan and chondroitin sulfate, were extracted from by-products and wastes of marine-related activities. The membranes were developed for the analysis of aluminum. The variation in the visible absorbance of the sensor membranes after the contact between the chromophore and the aluminum cation was studied. The membranes containing sulphated polysaccharides showed improved signals when compared to the chitosan-only membrane. As for the detection limits for the membranes containing ulvan, fucoidan and chondroitin sulfate, 0.17 mg L−1, 0.21 mg L−1 and 0.36 mg L−1 were obtained, respectively. The values were much lower than that obtained for the chitosan-only membrane, 0.52 mg L−1, which shows the improvement obtained from the sulphated polysaccharides. The results were obtained with the presence of CTAB in analysis solution, which forms a ternary complex with the aluminum cation and the chromophore. This resulted in an hyperchromic and batochromic shift in the absorption band. When in the presence of this surfactant, the membranes showed lower detection limits and higher selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. R. M. Santos
- Research Center in Chemistry UP (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS); Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - A. Johny
- Research Center in Chemistry UP (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS); Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - C. Q. Silva
- Research Center in Chemistry UP (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS); Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Catalysis Nanomaterials and Spectroscopy (CNS), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. A. Azenha
- Research Center in Chemistry UP (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS); Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220402628
| | - J. A. Vázquez
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - J. Valcarcel
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - C. M. Pereira
- Research Center in Chemistry UP (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS); Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - A. F. Silva
- Research Center in Chemistry UP (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS); Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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12
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Dong FK, Quan XG, Wang QB, Liu ZM, Cui T, Wang WJ, Tang DM, Zhang RM, Zhang C, Wang HY, Ren Q. Purification, structural characterization, and anticoagulant activity evaluation of chondroitin sulfate from codfish (Gadus macrocephalus) bones. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:759-767. [PMID: 35526771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CCS) was purified from discarded codfish (Gadus macrocephalus) bones, and its chemical structure and anticoagulant activity were assessed. CCS was obtained via enzymatic lysis and ion-exchange column chromatography, with a yield of approximately 0.15%. High-performance gel performance chromatography revealed CCS to be a largely homogeneous polysaccharide with a relatively low molecular weight of 12.3 kDa. FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and SAX-HPLC indicated that CCS was composed of monosulfated disaccharides (ΔDi4S 73.85% and ΔDi6S 19.06%) and nonsulfated disaccharides (ΔDi0S 7.09%). In vitro anticoagulation analyses revealed that CCS was able to significantly prolong activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) (p < 0.05). At a CCS concentration of 5 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL, APTT and TT were approximately 1.08 and 1.12 times higher, respectively, compared to the negative control group. The results indicated that CCS might offer value as a dietary fiber supplement with the potential to prevent the incidence of coagulation-related thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Kun Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Xian-Gao Quan
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Bing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhao-Ming Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- Rongsense Aquatic Food Group Co. LTD, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Dao-Min Tang
- Rongsense Aquatic Food Group Co. LTD, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Hui-Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
| | - Qiang Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
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13
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Li W, Ura K, Takagi Y. Industrial application of fish cartilaginous tissues. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:698-709. [PMID: 35479656 PMCID: PMC9035649 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is primarily composed of proteoglycans and collagen. Bioactive compounds derived from animal cartilage, such as chondroitin sulfate and type II collagen, have multiple bioactivities and are incorporated in popular health products. The aging population and increases in degenerative and chronic diseases will stimulate the rapid growth of market demand for cartilage products. Commercial production of bioactive compounds primarily involves the cartilages of mammals and poultry. However, these traditional sources are associated zoonosis concerns; thus, cartilage products from the by-products of fish processing has gained increasing attention because of their high level of safety and other activities. In this review, we summarize the current state of research into fish-derived cartilage products and their application, and discuss future trends and tasks to encourage further expansion and exploitation. At present, shark cartilage is the primary source of marine cartilage. However, the number of shark catches is decreasing worldwide, owing to overfishing. This review considers the potential alternative fish cartilage sources for industrialization. Three keys, the sustainable production of fish, new fish-processing model, and market demand, have been discussed for the future realization of efficient fish cartilage use. The industrialization of fish-derived cartilage products is beneficial for achieving sustainable development of local economies and society. Bioactive compounds derived from fish cartilage are popular as health products. Type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate are the major cartilage bioactive compounds. Cartilaginous fishes, sturgeons, and salmonids are potential fish cartilage sources. Keys for industrialization are fish production, processing model, and market demands. Industrialization of fish cartilage products accords with sustainable development.
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14
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Yang M, Zhou D, Xiao H, Fu X, Kong Q, Zhu C, Han Z, Mou H. Marine-derived uronic acid-containing polysaccharides: Structures, sources, production, and nutritional functions. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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15
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Kumari A, Pal S, G BR, Mohny FP, Gupta N, Miglani C, Pattnaik B, Pal A, Ganguli M. Surface-Engineered Mucus Penetrating Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems with Cell Penetrating Peptides for the Lungs. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1309-1324. [PMID: 35333535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids, both DNA and small RNAs, have emerged as potential therapeutics for the treatment of various lung disorders. However, delivery of nucleic acids to the lungs is challenging due to the barrier property imposed by mucus, which is further reinforced in disease conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. The presence of negatively charged mucins imparts the electrostatic barrier property, and the mesh network structure of mucus provides steric hindrance to the delivery system. To overcome this, the delivery system either needs to be muco-inert with a low positive charge such that the interactions with mucus are minimized or should have the ability to transiently dismantle the mucus structure for effective penetration. We have developed a mucus penetrating system for the delivery of both small RNA and plasmid DNA independently. The nucleic acid core consists of a nucleic acid (pDNA/siRNA) and a cationic/amphipathic cell penetrating peptide. The mucus penetrating coating consists of the hydrophilic biopolymer chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A) conjugated with a mucolytic agent, mannitol. We hypothesize that the hydrophilic coating of CS-A would reduce the surface charge and decrease the interaction with negatively charged mucins, while the conjugated mannitol residues would disrupt the mucin-mucin interaction or decrease the viscosity of mucus by increasing the influx of water into the mucus. Our results indicate that CS-A-mannitol-coated nanocomplexes possess reduced surface charge, reduced viscosity of artificial mucus, and increased diffusion in mucin suspension as well as increased penetration through the artificial mucus layer as compared to the non-coated ones. Further, the coated nanocomplexes showed low cytotoxicity as well as higher transfection in A-549 and BEAS-2B cells as compared to the non-coated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Kumari
- CSIR─Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Simanti Pal
- CSIR─Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Betsy Reshma G
- CSIR─Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Franklin Pulikkottil Mohny
- CSIR─Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Chirag Miglani
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Bijay Pattnaik
- CSIR─Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India.,Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, All Indian Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Asish Pal
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Munia Ganguli
- CSIR─Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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16
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Elaboration of a novel membrane technique for purification of chondroitin sulfate extracted from chicken breast cartilage using the cross-flow ultrafiltration polyethersulfone flat-sheet membrane. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Valcarcel J, Vázquez JA, Varela UR, Reis RL, Novoa-Carballal R. Isolation and Characterization of Polysaccharides from the Ascidian Styela clava. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010016. [PMID: 35012039 PMCID: PMC8747265 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Styela clava is an edible sea squirt farmed in Korea that has gradually invaded other seas, negatively impacting the ecology and economy of coastal areas. Extracts from S. clava have shown wide bioactivities, and ascidians have the unique capability among animals of biosynthesizing cellulose. Thus, S. clava is a relevant candidate for valorization. Herein, we aimed at surveying and characterizing polysaccharides in both tunic and flesh of this ascidian. To this end, we enzymatically hydrolyzed both tissues, recovering crystalline cellulose from the tunic with high aspect ratios, based on results from microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy analyses. Alkaline hydroalcoholic precipitation was applied to isolate the polysaccharide fraction that was characterized by gel permeation chromatography (with light scattering detection) and NMR. These techniques allowed the identification of glycogen in the flesh with an estimated Mw of 7 MDa. Tunic polysaccharides consisted of two fractions of different Mw. Application of Diffusion-Ordered NMR allowed spectroscopically separating the low-molecular-weight fraction to analyze the major component of an estimated Mw of 40–66 kDa. We identified six different sugar residues, although its complexity prevented the determination of the complete structure and connectivities of the residues. The two more abundant residues were N-acetylated and possibly components of the glycosaminoglycan-like (GAG-like) family, showing the remaining similarities to sulfated galactans. Therefore, Styela clava appears as a source of nanocrystalline cellulose and GAG-like polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Valcarcel
- Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.V.); (U.R.V.)
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (R.N.-C.)
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.V.); (U.R.V.)
| | - Uxía R. Varela
- Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.V.); (U.R.V.)
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimaraes, Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimaraes, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ramon Novoa-Carballal
- 3B’s Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimaraes, Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimaraes, Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (R.N.-C.)
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18
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Anticonvulsive Effects of Chondroitin Sulfate on Pilocarpine and Pentylenetetrazole Induced Epileptogenesis in Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226773. [PMID: 34833865 PMCID: PMC8622985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate is a proteoglycan component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that supports neuronal and non-neuronal cell activity, provides a negative domain to the extracellular matrix, regulates the intracellular positive ion concentration, and maintains the hypersynchronous epileptiform activity. Therefore, the present study hypothesized an antiepileptic potential of chondroitin sulfate (CS) in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindled epilepsy and pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice. Levels of various oxidative stress markers and inflammatory mediators were estimated in the brain tissue homogenate of mice, and histopathological changes were evaluated. Treatment with valproate (110 mg/kg; i.p.) as a standard drug and chondroitin sulfate (100 & 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.01) and dose-dependently prevented the severity of kindled and spontaneous recurrent seizures in mice. Additionally, chondroitin sulfate showed its antioxidant potential by restoring the various biochemical levels and anti-inflammatory properties by reducing NF-kB levels and pro-inflammatory mediators like TNF-alpha, IL-1β, and IL-6, indicating the neuroprotective effect as well as the suppressed levels of caspase-3, which indicated a neuroprotective treatment strategy in epilepsy. The proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate restores the normal physiology and configuration of the neuronal tissue. Further, the molecular docking of chondroitin sulfate at the active pockets of TNF-alpha, IL-1β, and IL-6 showed excellent interactions with critical amino acid residues. In conclusion, the present work provides preclinical evidence of chondroitin sulfate as a new therapeutic approach in attenuating and preventing seizures with a better understanding of the mechanism of alteration in ECM changes influencing abnormal neuronal activities.
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19
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Carvalho DN, Reis RL, Silva TH. Marine origin materials on biomaterials and advanced therapies to cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:6718-6736. [PMID: 34494053 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The body's self-repair capacity is limited, including injuries on articular cartilage zones. Over the past few decades, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) has focused its studies on the development of natural biomaterials for clinical applications aiming to overcome this self-therapeutic bottleneck. This review focuses on the development of these biomaterials using compounds and materials from marine sources that are able to be produced in a sustainable way, as an alternative to mammal sources (e.g., collagens) and benefiting from their biological properties, such as biocompatibility, low antigenicity, biodegradability, among others. The structure and composition of the new biomaterials require mimicking the native extracellular matrix (ECM) of articular cartilage tissue. To design an ideal temporary tissue-scaffold, it needs to provide a suitable environment for cell growth (cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation), towards the regeneration of the damaged tissues. Overall, the purpose of this review is to summarize various marine sources to be used in the development of different tissue-scaffolds with the capability to sustain cells envisaging cartilage tissue engineering, analysing the systems displaying more promising performance, while pointing out current limitations and steps to be given in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Nuno Carvalho
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - P.T. Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - P.T. Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tiago H Silva
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - P.T. Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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20
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Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Structural Characterization of Chondroitin Sulfate Derived from Jumbo Squid Cartilage. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102363. [PMID: 34681412 PMCID: PMC8535863 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (ChS) is usually used as an oral nutraceutical supplement, and has been popular in Asia, Europe, and United States for many years. In this study, a potential and sustainable source of ChS from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) cartilage was explored; ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to extract ChS from jumbo squid cartilage. The result of mass transfer coefficients based on Fick's law showed that UAE had higher mass transfer efficacy. The response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to evaluate the effects of the extraction parameters. The optimal conditions were extraction temperature of 52 °C, extraction time of 46 min, and NaOH concentration of 4.15%. The crude extract was precipitated by 50% ethanol, which obtained a purified ChS with 23.7% yield and 82.3% purity. The purified ChS measured by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) had a carbon to sulfur molar ratio of approximately 14:1. The FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR confirmed jumbo squid ChS were present in the form of chondroitin-4-sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate, with a 4S/6S ratio of 1.62. The results of this study provide an efficient process for production and purification of ChS, and are significant for the development and utilization of ChS from jumbo squid cartilage in the nutrient food or pharmaceutical industries.
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21
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Zhu Z, Han Y, Ding Y, Zhu B, Song S, Xiao H. Health effects of dietary sulfated polysaccharides from seafoods and their interaction with gut microbiota. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2882-2913. [PMID: 33884748 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various dietary sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) have been isolated from seafoods, including edible seaweeds and marine animals, and their health effects such as antiobesity and anti-inflammatory activities have attracted remarkable interest. Sulfate groups have been shown to play important roles in the bioactivities of these polysaccharides. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that the biological effects of dietary SPs are associated with the modulation of the gut microbiota. Dietary SPs could regulate the gut microbiota structure and, accordingly, affect the production of bioactive microbial metabolites. Because of their differential chemical structures, dietary SPs may specifically affect the growth of certain gut microbiota and associated metabolite production, which may contribute to variable health effects. This review summarizes the latest findings on the types and structural characteristics of SPs, the effects of different processing techniques on the structural characteristics and health effects of SPs, and the current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in the health effects of SPs. These findings might help in better understanding the mechanism of the health effects of SPs and provide a scientific basis for their application as functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yanhui Han
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuang Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Cytocompatibility and cellular interactions of chondroitin sulfate microparticles designed for inhaled tuberculosis treatment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 163:171-178. [PMID: 33838263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a leading cause of death, therapeutic failure being mainly due to non-compliance with prolonged treatments, often associated with severe side-effects. New therapeutic strategies are demanded and, considering that the lung is the primary site of infection, direct lung delivery of antibiotics is possibly an effective approach. Therapeutic success in this context depends on suitable carriers that reach the alveoli where Mycobacterium hosts (macrophages) reside, as well as on their ability to promote macrophage capture and intracellular accumulation of drugs. In this work, we propose inhalable polymeric microparticles produced from chondroitin sulfate, a polymer composed by moieties recognized by macrophage receptors. Spray-drying of chondroitin sulfate in combination with two first-line antitubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifabutin) yielded respirable microparticles that evidenced no cytotoxic effects on lung epithelial cells (A549) and macrophages (dTHP1 and J744A.1). The microparticles exhibited tendency for macrophage capture in a dose-dependent manner, which was validated through imaging. High content image analysis revealed that rifabutin induced a dose-dependent increase in phospholipid content of macrophages, which could be prevented by formulation in chondroitin sulfate microparticles. This work provides indications on the potential of chondroitin sulfate carriers to interact with macrophages, thus providing a platform for drug delivery in the context of macrophage intracellular diseases, namely tuberculosis.
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Khajavi M, Hajimoradloo A, Zandi M, Pezeshki-Modaress M, Bonakdar S, Zamani A. Fish cartilage: A promising source of biomaterial for biological scaffold fabrication in cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:1737-1750. [PMID: 33738960 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, engineered cartilage-like scaffold using an extracellular matrix (ECM) from sturgeon fish cartilage provided a chondroinductive environment to stimulate cartilaginous matrix synthesis in human adipose stem cells (hASCs). Three dimensional porous and degradable fish cartilage ECM-derived scaffold (FCS) was produced using a protocol containing chemical decellularization, enzymatic solubilization, freeze-drying and EDC-crosslinking treatments and the effect of different ECM concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/ml) on prepared scaffolds was investigated through physical, mechanical and biological analysis. The histological and scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the elimination of the cell fragments and a 3-D interconnected porous structure, respectively. Cell viability assay displayed no cytotoxic effects. The prepared porous constructs of fish cartilage ECM were seeded with hASCs for 21 days and compared to collagen (Col) and collagen-10% hyaluronic acid (Col-HA) scaffolds. Cell culture results evidenced that the fabricated scaffolds could provide a proper 3-D structure to support the adhesion, proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of hASCs considering the synthesis of specific proteins of cartilage, collagen type II (Col II) and aggrecan (ACAN). Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the porous scaffold derived from fish cartilage ECM possesses an excellent potential for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khajavi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Hajimoradloo
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mojgan Zandi
- Department of Biomaterials, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Zamani
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
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Hybrid Collagen Hydrogel/Chondroitin-4-Sulphate Fortified with Dermal Fibroblast Conditioned Medium for Skin Therapeutic Application. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040508. [PMID: 33567703 PMCID: PMC7914873 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current strategy for rapid wound healing treatment involves combining a biomaterial and cell-secreted proteins or biomolecules. This study was aimed at characterizing 3-dimensional (3D) collagen hydrogels fortified with dermal fibroblast-conditioned medium (DFCM) as a readily available acellular skin substitute. Confluent fibroblasts were cultured with serum-free keratinocyte-specific medium (KM1 and KM2) and fibroblast-specific medium (FM) to obtain DFCM. Subsequently, the DFCM was mixed with collagen (Col) hydrogel and chondroitin-4-sulphate (C4S) to fabricate 3D constructs termed Col/C4S/DFCM-KM1, Col/C4S/DFCM-KM2, and Col/C4S/DFCM-FM. The constructs successfully formed soft, semi-solid and translucent hydrogels within 1 h of incubation at 37 °C with strength of <2.5 Newton (N). The Col/C4S/DFCM demonstrated significantly lower turbidity compared to the control groups. The Col/C4S/DFCM also showed a lower percentage of porosity (KM1: 35.15 ± 9.76%; KM2: 6.85 ± 1.60%; FM: 14.14 ± 7.65%) compared to the Col (105.14 ± 11.87%) and Col/C4S (143.44 ± 27.72%) constructs. There were no changes in both swelling and degradation among all constructs. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry showed that all groups consisted of oxygen–hydrogen bonds (O-H) and amide I, II, and III. In conclusion, the Col/C4S/DFCM constructs maintain the characteristics of native collagen and can synergistically deliver essential biomolecules for future use in skin therapeutic applications.
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Vessella G, Vázquez JA, Valcárcel J, Lagartera L, Monterrey DT, Bastida A, García-Junceda E, Bedini E, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Revuelta J. Deciphering Structural Determinants in Chondroitin Sulfate Binding to FGF-2: Paving the Way to Enhanced Predictability of their Biological Functions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020313. [PMID: 33478164 PMCID: PMC7835997 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling chondroitin sulfates (CSs) biological functions to exploit their interesting potential biomedical applications requires a comprehensive understanding of how the specific sulfate distribution along the polysaccharide backbone can impact in their biological activities, a still challenging issue. To this aim, herein, we have applied an “holistic approach” recently developed by us to look globally how a specific sulfate distribution within CS disaccharide epitopes can direct the binding of these polysaccharides to growth factors. To do this, we have analyzed several polysaccharides of marine origin and semi-synthetic polysaccharides, the latter to isolate the structure-activity relationships of their rare, and even unnatural, sulfated disaccharide epitopes. SPR studies revealed that all the tested polysaccharides bind to FGF-2 (with exception of CS-8, CS-12 and CS-13) according to a model in which the CSs first form a weak complex with the protein, which is followed by maturation to tight binding with kD ranging affinities from ~1.31 μM to 130 μM for the first step and from ~3.88 μM to 1.8 nM for the second one. These binding capacities are, interestingly, related with the surface charge of the 3D-structure that is modulated by the particular sulfate distribution within the disaccharide repeating-units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vessella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (G.V.); (E.B.)
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorization of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Jesús Valcárcel
- Group of Recycling and Valorization of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Lagartera
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Dianélis T. Monterrey
- BioGlycoChem Group, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.-J.); (A.F.-M.)
| | - Agatha Bastida
- BioGlycoChem Group, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.-J.); (A.F.-M.)
| | - Eduardo García-Junceda
- BioGlycoChem Group, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.-J.); (A.F.-M.)
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (G.V.); (E.B.)
| | - Alfonso Fernández-Mayoralas
- BioGlycoChem Group, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.-J.); (A.F.-M.)
| | - Julia Revuelta
- BioGlycoChem Group, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.-J.); (A.F.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-(91)-2587679
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Vázquez JA, Fraguas J, González P, Serra J, Valcarcel J. Optimal Recovery of Valuable Biomaterials, Chondroitin Sulfate and Bioapatites, from Central Skeleton Wastes of Blue Shark. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112613. [PMID: 33172009 PMCID: PMC7694617 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrial filleting of blue shark (Prionace glauca) led to the generation of a large number of central skeletons of low interest to fishmeal plants handling such wastes. In this context, the present study describes the optimization of the hydrolysis process (pH 8.35, T 58 °C, 1% (v/w) of alcalase and t = 4 h) to produce chondroitin sulfate (CS) together with the recovery of bioapatites. Then, that hydrolysate was chemically treated with an optimal alkaline-hydroalcoholic-saline solution (0.48 M of NaOH, 1.07 volumes of EtOH and 2.5 g/L of NaCl) and finally purified by ultrafiltration-diafiltration (30 kDa) to obtain glycosaminoglycan with a purity of 97% and a productive yield of 2.8% (w/w of skeleton). The size of the biopolymer (CS) was of 58 kDa with prevalence of 6S-GalNAc sulfation (4S/6S ratio of 0.25), 12% of GlcA 2S-GalNAc 6S and 6% of non-sulfated disaccharides. Crude bioapatites were purified by pyrolysis and FT-Raman and XRD techniques confirm the presence of hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)], with a molar mass of 502.3 g/mol, embedded in the organic matrix of the skeleton. The mineralized tissues of blue shark are promising marine sources for the extraction of high value biomaterials with clinical application in bone and tissue regeneration and are still completely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, 36208 Galicia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.A.V.); (J.V.); Tel.: +34-986-231-930 (J.A.V.); Fax: +34-986-292-762 (J.V.)
| | - Javier Fraguas
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, 36208 Galicia, Spain;
| | - Pío González
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Julia Serra
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jesus Valcarcel
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, 36208 Galicia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.A.V.); (J.V.); Tel.: +34-986-231-930 (J.A.V.); Fax: +34-986-292-762 (J.V.)
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Valcarcel J, Sanz N, Vázquez JA. Optimization of the Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysis of By-Products from Seabream ( Sparus aurata) and Seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax), Chemical and Functional Characterization. Foods 2020; 9:E1503. [PMID: 33092225 PMCID: PMC7589672 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Valorization of seabass and seabream by-products is becoming increasingly relevant, as marketing of these species moves from selling whole fish to filleting for convenience products. With this aim, we optimized for the first time the production of fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) by enzymatic hydrolysis from filleting by-products of these commercially relevant aquaculture species, isolating fish oil at the same time. On the whole, both fish yielded similar amounts of protein, but frames and trimmings (FT) were the best source, followed by heads and viscera. In vitro antioxidant and antihypertensive activities showed similar figures for both species, placing FPHs from FT as the most active. Molecular weights ranged from 1381 to 2023 Da, corresponding to the lowest values of FT, in line with the higher hydrolysis degrees observed. All FPHs reached high digestibility (>86%) and displayed an excellent amino acid profile in terms of essential amino acids and flavor, making them suitable as food additives and supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Valcarcel
- Marine Biotechnology and Bioprocesses Group, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (N.S.); (J.A.V.)
- Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials Laboratory (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Noelia Sanz
- Marine Biotechnology and Bioprocesses Group, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (N.S.); (J.A.V.)
- Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Marine Biotechnology and Bioprocesses Group, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (N.S.); (J.A.V.)
- Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials Laboratory (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
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Optimal Production of Protein Hydrolysates from Monkfish By-Products: Chemical Features and Associated Biological Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184068. [PMID: 32899910 PMCID: PMC7570475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was the recovery of protein substrates from monkfish waste (heads and viscera) generated in the on-board processing of this species. Initially, the effect of pH, temperature, and protease concentration was studied on mixtures of a 1:1 ratio (w/v) of monkfish heads/water. The optimal conditions of proteolytic digestion were established at 57.4 °C, pH 8.31, [Alcalase] = 0.05% (v/w) for 3 h of hydrolysis. Later on, a set of hydrolysis at 5L-pH-stat reactor were run under the aforementioned conditions, confirming the validity of the optimization studies for the head and viscera of monkfish. Regarding the chemical properties of the fish protein hydrolysates (FPH), the yield of digestion was higher than 90% in both cases and the degrees of hydrolysis and the soluble protein content were not especially large (<20% and <45 g/L, respectively). In vitro digestibility was higher than 90% and the percentage of essential amino acids ranged from 40 to 42%. Antioxidant activities were higher in viscera FPH, and antihypertensive ability was superior in head FPH. The values of number average molecular weights (Mn) of monkfish hydrolysates were 600 Da in the viscera and 947 Da in the head. The peptide size distribution, obtained by size-exclusion chromatography, indicated that the largest presence of peptides below 1000 Da and 200 Da was observed in the viscera FPH.
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Vázquez JA, Durán AI, Menduíña A, Nogueira M, Gomes AM, Antunes J, Freitas AC, Dagá E, Dagá P, Valcarcel J. Bioconversion of Fish Discards through the Production of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Metabolites: Sustainable Application of Fish Peptones in Nutritive Fermentation Media. Foods 2020; 9:E1239. [PMID: 32899847 PMCID: PMC7554814 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current work, we study the capacity of 30 peptones obtained by enzyme proteolysis of ten discarded fish species (hake, megrim, red scorpionfish, pouting, mackerel, gurnard, blue whiting, Atlantic horse mackerel, grenadier, and boarfish) to support the growth and metabolite production of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of probiotic and technological importance. Batch fermentations of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis, L. casei, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides in most of the media formulated with fish peptones (87% of the cases) led to similar growths (quantified as dry-weight biomass and viable cells) and metabolites (mainly lactic acid) than in commercial control broth (MRS). Comparisons among cultures were performed by means of the parameters obtained from the mathematical fittings of experimental kinetics to the logistic equation. Modelling among experimental and predicted data from each bioproduction was generally accurate. A simple economic assessment demonstrated the profitability achieved when MRS is substituted by media formulated with fish discards: a 3-4-fold reduction of costs for LAB biomass, viable cells formation, and lactic and acetic acid production. Thus, these fish peptones are promising alternatives to the expensive commercial peptones as well as a possible solution to valorize discarded fish biomasses and by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Vázquez
- Grupo de Biotecnología y Bioprocesos Marinos, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; (A.I.D.); (A.M.); (M.N.); (J.V.)
- Laboratorio de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Ana I. Durán
- Grupo de Biotecnología y Bioprocesos Marinos, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; (A.I.D.); (A.M.); (M.N.); (J.V.)
- Laboratorio de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Araceli Menduíña
- Grupo de Biotecnología y Bioprocesos Marinos, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; (A.I.D.); (A.M.); (M.N.); (J.V.)
- Laboratorio de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Margarita Nogueira
- Grupo de Biotecnología y Bioprocesos Marinos, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; (A.I.D.); (A.M.); (M.N.); (J.V.)
- Laboratorio de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Ana María Gomes
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.G.); (J.A.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Joana Antunes
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.G.); (J.A.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Ana Cristina Freitas
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.G.); (J.A.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Esther Dagá
- Bialactis Biotech S.L., Grupo Zendal, Lugar a Relva, S/N, CP 36410 O Porriño, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain; (E.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Paula Dagá
- Bialactis Biotech S.L., Grupo Zendal, Lugar a Relva, S/N, CP 36410 O Porriño, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain; (E.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Jesus Valcarcel
- Grupo de Biotecnología y Bioprocesos Marinos, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; (A.I.D.); (A.M.); (M.N.); (J.V.)
- Laboratorio de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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Purification, characterisation and antioxidant activities of chondroitin sulphate extracted from Raja porosa cartilage. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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López-Álvarez M, González P, Serra J, Fraguas J, Valcarcel J, Vázquez JA. Chondroitin sulfate and hydroxyapatite from Prionace glauca shark jaw: Physicochemical and structural characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:329-339. [PMID: 32275990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the potential of the Prionace glauca jaw as a source of both chondroitin sulfate and bioapatite is explored. The sandwich-type structure in cross section of the jaw based on alternate layers with prevalence in organic tissue or mineralized is shown and these bands respectively confirmed as CS or hydroxyapatite -enriched zones. As result of this, an optimized process in sequential steps for the recovery of both biomaterials and their purification process is proposed, by combining enzymatic proteolysis, chemical precipitation and separation using ultrafiltration membrane for CS production together with controlled thermal treatment for hydroxyapatite obtaining. The purified CS was characterized by Gel Permeation Chromatography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Strong Anion Exchange Chromatography, revealing a polymeric material with a molecular weight of 67 kDa, and prevalent 6S-GalNAc sulfation (68%), followed by 4S-GalNAc (13%), a significant proportion of disulfated disaccharides (12%) and only 7% of non-sulfated units. In the case of the bioapatite a purified biphasic 60:40 porous calcium phosphate of hydroxyapatite: whitlockite/β-TCP was confirmed. Hydroxyapatite as major component (85%) was also obtained for jaws directly subjected to the thermal treatment. This proved the influence of the enzymatic hydrolysis and centrifugation on the composition of the mineral fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam López-Álvarez
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Pío González
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Julia Serra
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, Vigo 36310, Spain.
| | - Javier Fraguas
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6, Vigo 36208, Galicia, Spain
| | - Jesús Valcarcel
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6, Vigo 36208, Galicia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6, Vigo 36208, Galicia, Spain
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Marine Biocompounds for Neuroprotection-A Review. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18060290. [PMID: 32486409 PMCID: PMC7344849 DOI: 10.3390/md18060290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While terrestrial organisms are the primary source of natural products, recent years have witnessed a considerable shift towards marine-sourced biocompounds. They have achieved a great scientific interest due to the plethora of compounds with structural and chemical properties generally not found in terrestrial products, exhibiting significant bioactivity ten times higher than terrestrial-sourced molecules. In addition to the antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, and cardio-protection properties, marine-sourced biocompounds have been investigated for their neuroprotective potential. Thus, this review aims to describe the recent findings regarding the neuroprotective effects of the significant marine-sourced biocompounds.
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Abdallah MM, Fernández N, Matias AA, Bronze MDR. Hyaluronic acid and Chondroitin sulfate from marine and terrestrial sources: Extraction and purification methods. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 243:116441. [PMID: 32532391 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are valuable bioactive polysaccharides that have been highly used in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Extensive research was done to ensure their efficient extraction from marine and terrestrial by-products at a high yield and purity, using specific techniques to isolate and purify them. In general, the cartilage is the most common source for CS, while the vitreous humor is main used source of HA. The developed methods were based in general on tissue hydrolysis, removal of proteins and purification of the target biopolymers. They differ in the extraction conditions, enzymes and/or solvents used and the purification technique. This leads to specific purity, molecular weight and sulfation pattern of the isolated HA and CS. This review focuses on the analysis and comparison of different extraction and purification methods developed to isolate these valuable biopolymers from marine and terrestrial animal by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Abdallah
- iBET, Institute of Experimental Biology and Technology, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica, 2780-157, Portugal; ITQB-UNL, Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology, New University of Lisbon, Avenida da República, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Naiara Fernández
- iBET, Institute of Experimental Biology and Technology, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Ana A Matias
- iBET, Institute of Experimental Biology and Technology, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Maria do Rosário Bronze
- iBET, Institute of Experimental Biology and Technology, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica, 2780-157, Portugal; ITQB-UNL, Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology, New University of Lisbon, Avenida da República, 2780-157, Portugal; FFULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Portugal.
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Biocompatibility and structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans isolated from heads of silver-banded whiting (Sillago argentifasciata Martin & Montalban 1935). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:663-676. [PMID: 32070739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were extracted from heads of silver-banded whiting (SBW) fish and subjected to preliminary biocompatibility testing per ISO 10993: intracutaneous irritation, maximization sensitization, systemic toxicity, and cytotoxicity. When the GAG solution was injected intradermally, the observed irritation was within ISO limits and comparable to a marketed control. There was no evidence of sensitization, systemic toxicity, or cellular toxicity on the test organisms treated with the GAG mixture from SBW fish heads. Fractionation by size-exclusion chromatography has shown three distinct fractions: F1 as low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (190 kDa), F2 (82 kDa) and F3 (64 kDa), both as chondroitin sulfates. Structural characterization by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and disaccharide analysis have shown sulfation ratios at positions C4:C6 of the F2 and F3 fractions respectively as 70:20% and 50:30%, and the balance of non-sulfated and 4,6-di-sulfated units. The preliminary results here suggest that GAG-based extracts from SBW fish heads are suitable alternative products to be used in soft tissue augmentation, although further long-term biocompatibility studies are still required.
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Marine chondroitin sulfate of defined molecular weight by enzymatic depolymerization. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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López-Senra E, Casal-Beiroa P, López-Álvarez M, Serra J, González P, Valcarcel J, Vázquez JA, Burguera EF, Blanco FJ, Magalhães J. Impact of Prevalence Ratios of Chondroitin Sulfate (CS)- 4 and -6 Isomers Derived from Marine Sources in Cell Proliferation and Chondrogenic Differentiation Processes. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E94. [PMID: 32023805 PMCID: PMC7074435 DOI: 10.3390/md18020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent rheumatic disease. During disease progression, differences have been described in the prevalence of chondroitin sulfate (CS) isomers. Marine derived-CS present a higher proportion of the 6S isomer, offering therapeutic potential. Accordingly, we evaluated the effect of exogenous supplementation of CS, derived from the small spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula), blue shark (Prionace glauca), thornback skate (Raja clavata) and bovine CS (reference), on the proliferation of osteochondral cell lines (MG-63 and T/C-28a2) and the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). MG-G3 proliferation was comparable between R. clavata (CS-6 intermediate ratio) and bovine CS (CS-4 enrichment), for concentrations below 0.5 mg/mL, defined as a toxicity threshold. T/C-28a2 proliferation was significantly improved by intermediate ratios of CS-6 and -4 isomers (S. canicula and R. clavata). A dose-dependent response was observed for S. canicula (200 µg/mL vs 50 and 10 µg/mL) and bovine CS (200 and 100 µg/mL vs 10 µg/mL). CS sulfation patterns discretely affected MSCs chondrogenesis; even though S. canicula and R. clavata CS up-regulated chondrogenic markers expression (aggrecan and collagen type II) these were not statistically significant. We demonstrate that intermediate values of CS-4 and -6 isomers improve cell proliferation and offer potential for chondrogenic promotion, although more studies are needed to elucidate its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía López-Senra
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (E.L.-S.); (M.L.-Á.); (J.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Paula Casal-Beiroa
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CHUAC. SERGAS. C/ As Xubias de Arriba 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (E.F.B.); (F.J.B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Carballeiras S/N, Campus de Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Miriam López-Álvarez
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (E.L.-S.); (M.L.-Á.); (J.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Julia Serra
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (E.L.-S.); (M.L.-Á.); (J.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Pío González
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (E.L.-S.); (M.L.-Á.); (J.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Jesus Valcarcel
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.V.); (J.A.V.)
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.V.); (J.A.V.)
| | - Elena F. Burguera
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CHUAC. SERGAS. C/ As Xubias de Arriba 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (E.F.B.); (F.J.B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Carballeiras S/N, Campus de Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CHUAC. SERGAS. C/ As Xubias de Arriba 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (E.F.B.); (F.J.B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Carballeiras S/N, Campus de Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Campus de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Campus de Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Joana Magalhães
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CHUAC. SERGAS. C/ As Xubias de Arriba 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (E.F.B.); (F.J.B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Carballeiras S/N, Campus de Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Jacobsen Á, Shi X, Shao C, Eysturskarδ J, Mikalsen SO, Zaia J. Characterization of Glycosaminoglycans in Gaping and Intact Connective Tissues of Farmed Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Fillets by Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15337-15347. [PMID: 31572832 PMCID: PMC6761683 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture industry, gaping (the separation of muscle bundles from the connective tissue) is a major quality problem. This study characterized chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) in the connective tissue of intact and gaping salmon fillets from 30 salmon by mass spectrometry. Statistical difference was detected between gaping and intact tissues only when comparing pairwise samples from the same individual (n = 10). The gaping tissue had a lower content of monosulfated CS disaccharides (p = 0.027), and the relative distribution of CS disaccharides was significantly different (p < 0.05). The HS chains were short (average = 14.09, SD = 4.91), and the intact tissue seemed to have a more uniform HS chain structure compared to the gaping tissue. Time-series samples from the same individuals are recommended for future research to improve the understanding of reasons and implications of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ása Jacobsen
- Aquaculture
Research Station of the Faroe Islands, Viδ Áir, FO-430 Hvalvík, The Faroe Islands
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetats 02118, United States
| | - Chun Shao
- Department
of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetats 02118, United States
| | - Jonhard Eysturskarδ
- Aquaculture
Research Station of the Faroe Islands, Viδ Áir, FO-430 Hvalvík, The Faroe Islands
| | - Svein-Ole Mikalsen
- Department
of Science and Technology, University of
the Faroe Islands, Vestara
Bryggja 15, FO-100 Tórshavn, The Faroe Islands
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department
of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetats 02118, United States
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Vázquez JA, Fraguas J, Novoa-Carballal R, Reis RL, Pérez-Martín RI, Valcarcel J. Optimal isolation and characterisation of chondroitin sulfate from rabbit fish (Chimaera monstrosa). Carbohydr Polym 2019; 210:302-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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