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Sun Q, Liang J, Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhao N, Meng F. Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Itampolin A following Intragastric and Intravenous Administration in Rats Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2024; 29:2652. [PMID: 38893526 PMCID: PMC11173508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Itampolin A, a natural brominated tyrosine alkaloid isolated from the sponge Iotrochota purpurea, has been shown to have good inhibitory effects in lung cancer cells as a p38α inhibitor. A simple, sensitive, and reliable ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been established, validated, and applied to the study of the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of itampolin A following intragastric and intravenous administration. Itampolin A and theophylline (internal standard, IS) were extracted by the simple protein precipitation technique using methanol as the precipitating solvent. Chromatographic separation was achieved by using the optimized mobile phase of a 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile in the gradient elution mode. Itampolin A and IS were detected and quantified using positive electrospray ionization in the multiple reaction monitoring mode with transitions of m/z 863.9 → 569.1 for itampolin A and m/z 181.1 → 124.1 for IS, respectively. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 1-1600 ng/mL for itampolin A in biological samples and the low limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that itampolin A was well-absorbed into the systemic circulation and rapidly eliminated after administration. The apparent distribution volume of itampolin A was much higher after intragastric administration than that after intravenous administration. A tissue distribution study showed that itampolin A could be detected in different tissues and maintained a high concentration in the lung, which provided a material basis for its effective application in lung cancer. The pharmacokinetic process and tissue distribution characteristics of imtapolin A were expounded in this study, which can provide beneficial information for the further research and clinical application of itampolin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (Q.S.); (Q.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Jingwei Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, China;
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (Q.S.); (Q.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Xuezhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (Q.S.); (Q.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Nan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (Q.S.); (Q.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Fanhao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (Q.S.); (Q.Z.); (X.W.)
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2
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Ortigosa-Palomo A, Quiñonero F, Ortiz R, Sarabia F, Prados J, Melguizo C. Natural Products Derived from Marine Sponges with Antitumor Potential against Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:101. [PMID: 38535442 PMCID: PMC10971797 DOI: 10.3390/md22030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, has been extensively investigated in the last decade in terms of developing new therapeutic options that increase patient survival. In this context, marine animals are a source of new, interesting bioactive molecules that have been applied to the treatment of different types of cancer. Many efforts have been made to search for new therapeutic strategies to improve the prognosis of lung cancer patients, including new bioactive compounds and cytotoxic drugs from marine sponges. Their antitumoral effect can be explained by several cellular and molecular mechanisms, such as modulation of the cell cycle or induction of apoptosis. Thus, this systematic review aims to summarize the bioactive compounds derived from marine sponges and the mechanisms by which they show antitumor effects against lung cancer, exploring their limitations and the challenges associated with their discovery. The search process was performed in three databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science), yielding a total of 105 articles identified in the last 10 years, and after a screening process, 33 articles were included in this systematic review. The results showed that these natural sponge-derived compounds are a valuable source of inspiration for the development of new drugs. However, more research in this field is needed for the translation of these novel compounds to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ortigosa-Palomo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), 18100 Granada, Spain; (A.O.-P.); (F.Q.); (R.O.); (C.M.)
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Quiñonero
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), 18100 Granada, Spain; (A.O.-P.); (F.Q.); (R.O.); (C.M.)
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Raul Ortiz
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), 18100 Granada, Spain; (A.O.-P.); (F.Q.); (R.O.); (C.M.)
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Sarabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Jose Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), 18100 Granada, Spain; (A.O.-P.); (F.Q.); (R.O.); (C.M.)
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), 18100 Granada, Spain; (A.O.-P.); (F.Q.); (R.O.); (C.M.)
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Gaudêncio SP, Bayram E, Lukić Bilela L, Cueto M, Díaz-Marrero AR, Haznedaroglu BZ, Jimenez C, Mandalakis M, Pereira F, Reyes F, Tasdemir D. Advanced Methods for Natural Products Discovery: Bioactivity Screening, Dereplication, Metabolomics Profiling, Genomic Sequencing, Databases and Informatic Tools, and Structure Elucidation. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050308. [PMID: 37233502 DOI: 10.3390/md21050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Products (NP) are essential for the discovery of novel drugs and products for numerous biotechnological applications. The NP discovery process is expensive and time-consuming, having as major hurdles dereplication (early identification of known compounds) and structure elucidation, particularly the determination of the absolute configuration of metabolites with stereogenic centers. This review comprehensively focuses on recent technological and instrumental advances, highlighting the development of methods that alleviate these obstacles, paving the way for accelerating NP discovery towards biotechnological applications. Herein, we emphasize the most innovative high-throughput tools and methods for advancing bioactivity screening, NP chemical analysis, dereplication, metabolite profiling, metabolomics, genome sequencing and/or genomics approaches, databases, bioinformatics, chemoinformatics, and three-dimensional NP structure elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Gaudêncio
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Engin Bayram
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Room HKC-202, Hisar Campus, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Lada Lukić Bilela
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mercedes Cueto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-CSIC, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana R Díaz-Marrero
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-CSIC, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica (IUBO), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Berat Z Haznedaroglu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Room HKC-202, Hisar Campus, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Carlos Jimenez
- CICA- Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Manolis Mandalakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR Thalassocosmos, 71500 Gournes, Crete, Greece
| | - Florbela Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fernando Reyes
- Fundación MEDINA, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Chavda VP, Ertas YN, Walhekar V, Modh D, Doshi A, Shah N, Anand K, Chhabria M. Advanced Computational Methodologies Used in the Discovery of New Natural Anticancer Compounds. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:702611. [PMID: 34483905 PMCID: PMC8416109 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural chemical compounds have been widely investigated for their programmed necrosis causing characteristics. One of the conventional methods for screening such compounds is the use of concentrated plant extracts without isolation of active moieties for understanding pharmacological activity. For the last two decades, modern medicine has relied mainly on the isolation and purification of one or two complicated active and isomeric compounds. The idea of multi-target drugs has advanced rapidly and impressively from an innovative model when first proposed in the early 2000s to one of the popular trends for drug development in 2021. Alternatively, fragment-based drug discovery is also explored in identifying target-based drug discovery for potent natural anticancer agents which is based on well-defined fragments opposite to use of naturally occurring mixtures. This review summarizes the current key advancements in natural anticancer compounds; computer-assisted/fragment-based structural elucidation and a multi-target approach for the exploration of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Vinayak Walhekar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Dharti Modh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Avani Doshi
- Department of Chemistry, SAL Institute of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nirav Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SAL Institute of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Krishna Anand
- Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Mahesh Chhabria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
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Dyshlovoy SA, Honecker F. Marine Compounds and Cancer: Updates 2020. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120643. [PMID: 33333876 PMCID: PMC7765281 DOI: 10.3390/md18120643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Dyshlovoy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Friedemann Honecker
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- Tumor and Breast Center ZeTuP St. Gallen, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Wei J, Gou Z, Wen Y, Luo Q, Huang Z. Marine compounds targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110484. [PMID: 32768966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease characterized by overproliferation, including that due to transformation, apoptosis disorders, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis, and is one of the deadliest diseases. Currently, conservative chemotherapy is used for cancer treatment due to a lack of effective drugs. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway plays a very essential role in the pathogenesis of many cancers, and abnormal activation of this pathway leads to abnormal expression of a series of downstream proteins, which ultimately results in the excessive proliferation of cancer cells. Therefore, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is a critical target in cancer treatment. Marine drugs have attracted much attention in recent years, and studies have found that many extracts from oceanic animals, plants and microorganisms or their metabolites exert antitumor effects, including antiproliferative effects or the induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or autophagy. However, most anticancer targets and the mechanisms of marine compounds remain unclear. The great potential of the development of marine drugs provides a new direction for cancer treatment. This review focuses on marine compounds that target the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway for the prevention and treatment of cancer and provides comprehensive information for those interested in research on marine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaen Wei
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Zhanping Gou
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Ying Wen
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Qiaohong Luo
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China.
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Zhang X, Li Y, Feng Z, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Song H, Ding X, Yan Y. Multifloroside Suppressing Proliferation and Colony Formation, Inducing S Cell Cycle Arrest, ROS Production, and Increasing MMP in Human Epidermoid Carcinoma Cell Lines A431. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010007. [PMID: 31861384 PMCID: PMC6983163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifloroside (4), together with 10-hydroxyoleoside 11-methyl ester (1), 10-hydroxyoleoside dimethyl ester (2), and 10-hydroxyligustroside (3), are all secoiridoids, which are naturally occurring compounds that possess a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. However, the anti-cancer activity of 1–4 has not been evaluated yet. The objective of this work was to study the anti-cancer activities of 1–4 in the human epidermoid carcinoma cell lines A431 and the human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines A549. The results indicate that 1–4 differ in potency in their ability to inhibit the proliferation of human A431 and A549 cells, and multifloroside (4) display the highest inhibitory activity against A431 cells. The structure-activity relationships suggest that the o-hydroxy-p-hydroxy-phenylethyl group may contribute to the anti-cancer activity against A431 cells. Multifloroside treatment can also inhibit cell colony formation, arrest the cell cycle in the S-phase, increase the levels of reactive-oxygen-species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), but it did not significantly induce cell apoptosis at low concentrations. The findings indicated that multifloroside (4) has the tendency to show selective anti-cancer effects in A431 cells, along with suppressing the colony formation, inducing S cell cycle arrest, ROS production, and increasing MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China; College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.F.); (Y.G.); (H.S.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Yamei Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China; College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.F.); (Y.G.); (H.S.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Zhengping Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China; College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.F.); (Y.G.); (H.S.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Yaling Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China; College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.F.); (Y.G.); (H.S.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-029-8531-0623 (Y.Y.)
| | - Ye Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China; College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.F.); (Y.G.); (H.S.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Huanhuan Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China; College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.F.); (Y.G.); (H.S.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Xiaoli Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China; College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.F.); (Y.G.); (H.S.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China; College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.F.); (Y.G.); (H.S.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-029-8531-0623 (Y.Y.)
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Abstract
Abstract
Natural product (NP)-derived drugs can be extracts, biological macromolecules, or purified small molecule substances. Small molecule drugs can be originally purified from NPs, can represent semisynthetic molecules, natural fragments containing small molecules, or are fully synthetic molecules that mimic natural compounds. New semisynthetic NP-like drugs are entering the pharmaceutical market almost every year and reveal growing interests in the application of fragment-based approaches for NPs. Thus, several NP databases were constructed to be implemented in the fragment-based drug design (FBDD) workflows. FBDD has been established previously as an approach for hit identification and lead generation. Several biophysical and computational methods are used for fragment screening to identify potential hits. Once the fragments within the binding pocket of the protein are identified, they can be grown, linked, or merged to design more active compounds. This work discusses applications of NPs and NP scaffolds to FBDD. Moreover, it briefly reviews NP databases containing fragments and reports on case studies where the approach has been successfully applied for the design of antimalarial and anticancer drug candidates.
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