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Frühauf A, Behringer M, Meyer-Almes FJ. Significance of Five-Membered Heterocycles in Human Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:5686. [PMID: 37570656 PMCID: PMC10419652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Five-membered heteroaromatic rings, in particular, have gained prominence in medicinal chemistry as they offer enhanced metabolic stability, solubility and bioavailability, crucial factors in developing effective drugs. The unique physicochemical properties and biological effects of five-membered heterocycles have positioned them as key structural motifs in numerous clinically effective drugs. Hence, the exploration of five-ring heterocycles remains an important research area in medicinal chemistry, with the aim of discovering new therapeutic agents for various diseases. This review addresses the incorporation of heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur into the aromatic ring of these heterocyclic compounds, enhancing their polarity and facilitating both aromatic stacking interactions and the formation of hydrogen bonds. Histone deacetylases are present in numerous multiprotein complexes within the epigenetic machinery and play a central role in various cellular processes. They have emerged as important targets for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and other therapeutic indications. In histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi's), five-ring heterocycles perform various functions as a zinc-binding group, a linker or head group, contributing to binding activity and selective recognition. This review focuses on providing an up-to-date overview of the different five-membered heterocycles utilized in HDACi motifs, highlighting their biological properties. It summarizes relevant publications from the past decade, offering insights into the recent advancements in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Haardtring 100, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.F.); (M.B.)
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Carrà G, Ermondi G, Riganti C, Righi L, Caron G, Menga A, Capelletto E, Maffeo B, Lingua MF, Fusella F, Volante M, Taulli R, Guerrasio A, Novello S, Brancaccio M, Piazza R, Morotti A. IκBα targeting promotes oxidative stress-dependent cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:136. [PMID: 33863364 PMCID: PMC8050912 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is a hallmark of many cancers. The increment in reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting from an increased mitochondrial respiration, is the major cause of oxidative stress. Cell fate is known to be intricately linked to the amount of ROS produced. The direct generation of ROS is also one of the mechanisms exploited by common anticancer therapies, such as chemotherapy. METHODS We assessed the role of NFKBIA with various approaches, including in silico analyses, RNA-silencing and xenotransplantation. Western blot analyses, immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of specific proteins and genes. Immunoprecipitation and pull-down experiments were used to evaluate protein-protein interactions. RESULTS Here, by using an in silico approach, following the identification of NFKBIA (the gene encoding IκBα) amplification in various cancers, we described an inverse correlation between IκBα, oxidative metabolism, and ROS production in lung cancer. Furthermore, we showed that novel IκBα targeting compounds combined with cisplatin treatment promote an increase in ROS beyond the tolerated threshold, thus causing death by oxytosis. CONCLUSIONS NFKBIA amplification and IκBα overexpression identify a unique cancer subtype associated with specific expression profile and metabolic signatures. Through p65-NFKB regulation, IκBα overexpression favors metabolic rewiring of cancer cells and distinct susceptibility to cisplatin. Lastly, we have developed a novel approach to disrupt IκBα/p65 interaction, restoring p65-mediated apoptotic responses to cisplatin due to mitochondria deregulation and ROS-production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Carrà
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ermondi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Luisella Righi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giulia Caron
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessio Menga
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Capelletto
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Beatrice Maffeo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Federica Fusella
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Taulli
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Angelo Guerrasio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Silvia Novello
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Mara Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Rocco Piazza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca and San Gerardo Hospital, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morotti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy.
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Zhang B, Ruan ZW, Luo D, Zhu Y, Ding T, Sui Q, Lei X. Unexpected Enhancement of HDACs Inhibition by MeS Substitution at C-2 Position of Fluoro Largazole. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18070344. [PMID: 32629787 PMCID: PMC7401273 DOI: 10.3390/md18070344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Given our previous finding that fluorination at the C18 position of largazole showed reasonably good tolerance towards inhibitory activity and selectivity of histone deacetylases (HDACs), further modification on the valine residue in the fluoro-largazole's macrocyclic moiety with S-Me l-Cysteine or Glycine residue was performed. While the Glycine-modified fluoro analog showed poor activity, the S-Me l-Cysteine-modified analog emerged to be a very potent HDAC inhibitor. Unlike all previously reported C2-modified compounds in the largazole family (including our recent fluoro-largazole analogs) where replacement of the Val residue has failed to provide any potency improvement, the S-Me l-Cysteine-modified analog displayed significantly enhanced (five-nine-fold) inhibition of all the tested HDACs while maintaining the selectivity of HDAC1 over HDAC6, as compared to largazole thiol. A molecular modeling study provided rational explanation and structural evidence for the enhanced inhibitory activity. This new finding will aid the design of novel potent HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong Zone, Shanghai 201203, China; (B.Z.); (Z.-W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.D.)
| | - Zhu-Wei Ruan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong Zone, Shanghai 201203, China; (B.Z.); (Z.-W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.D.)
| | - Dongdong Luo
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
| | - Yueyue Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong Zone, Shanghai 201203, China; (B.Z.); (Z.-W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.D.)
| | - Tingbo Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong Zone, Shanghai 201203, China; (B.Z.); (Z.-W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.D.)
| | - Qiang Sui
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong Zone, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Xinsheng Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong Zone, Shanghai 201203, China; (B.Z.); (Z.-W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-51980128
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Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Jahanyne Analogs as Cell Cycle Arrest Inducers. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18030176. [PMID: 32210159 PMCID: PMC7142928 DOI: 10.3390/md18030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Jahanyne, a lipopeptide with a unique terminal alkynyl and OEP (2-(1-oxo-ethyl)-pyrrolidine) moiety, exhibits anticancer activity. We synthesized jahanyne and analogs modified at the OEP moiety, employing an α-fluoromethyl ketone (FMK) strategy. Preliminary bioassays indicated that compound 1b (FMK-jahanyne) exhibited decreased activities to varying degrees against most of the cancer cells tested, whereas the introduction of a fluorine atom to the α-position of a hydroxyl group (2b) enhanced activities against all lung cancer cells. Moreover, jahanyne and 2b could induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in a concentration-dependent manner.
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