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Song YP, Ji NY. Chemistry and biology of marine-derived Trichoderma metabolites. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:14. [PMID: 38302800 PMCID: PMC10834931 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Marine-derived fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been surveyed for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals since 1993, with various new secondary metabolites being characterized from the strains of marine animal, plant, sediment, and water origin. Chemical structures and biological activities of these metabolites are comprehensively reviewed herein up to the end of 2022 (covering 30 years). More than 70 strains that belong to at least 18 known Trichoderma species have been chemically investigated during this period. As a result, 445 new metabolites, including terpenes, steroids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and others, have been identified, with over a half possessing antimicroalgal, zooplankton-toxic, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. The research is highlighted by the molecular diversity and antimicroalgal potency of terpenes and steroids. In addition, metabolic relevance along with co-culture induction in the production of new compounds is also concluded. Trichoderma strains of marine origin can transform and degrade heterogeneous molecules, but these functions need further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ping Song
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Guo Q, Shi L, Wang X, Li D, Yin Z, Zhang J, Ding G, Chen L. Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from the Trichoderma genus (Covering 2018-2022). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13612-13632. [PMID: 37684097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma, a genus with more than 400 species, has a long history of use as an industrial bioreactor, biofertilizer, and biocontrol agent. It is considered a significant source of secondary metabolites (SMs) that possess unique structural features and a wide range of bioactivities. In recent years, numerous secondary metabolites of Trichoderma, including terpenoids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and steroids, have been identified. Most of these SMs displayed antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antifungal effects. This review focuses on the structural diversity, biological activities, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the SMs isolated from Trichoderma covered from 2018 to 2022. This study provides insights into the exploration and utilization of bioactive compounds from Trichoderma species in the agriculture or pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Guo
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
- Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Li
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
- Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Yin
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
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3
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Chung J, Capani JS, Göhl M, Roosen PC, Vanderwal CD. Enantioselective Syntheses of Wickerols A and B. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6486-6497. [PMID: 36883956 PMCID: PMC10037325 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of a successful strategy for the synthesis of the strained, cage-like antiviral diterpenoids wickerols A and B is described. Initial attempts to access the carbocyclic core were surprisingly challenging and in retrospect, presaged the many detours needed to ultimately arrive at the fully adorned wickerol architecture. In most cases, conditions to trigger desired outcomes with respect to both reactivity and stereochemistry were hard-won. The successful synthesis ultimately leveraged alkenes in virtually all productive bond-forming events. A series of conjugate addition reactions generated the fused tricyclic core, a Claisen rearrangement was used to install an otherwise unmanageable methyl-bearing stereogenic center, and a Prins cyclization closed the strained bridging ring. This final reaction proved enormously interesting because the strain of the ring system permitted diversion of the presumed initial Prins product into several different scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph S Capani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Matthias Göhl
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Philipp C Roosen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Christopher D Vanderwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 101 Theory #100, Irvine, California 92617, United States
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Qiu P, Xia J, Zhang H, Lin D, Shao Z. A Review of Diterpenes from Marine-Derived Fungi: 2009-2021. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238303. [PMID: 36500394 PMCID: PMC9741372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine-derived fungi are important sources of novel compounds and pharmacologically active metabolites. As an important class of natural products, diterpenes show various biological activities, such as antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and cytotoxic activities. Developments of equipment for the deep-sea sample collection allow discoveries of more marine-derived fungi with increasing diversity, and much progress has been made in the identification of diterpenes with novel structures and bioactivities from marine fungi in the past decade. The present review article summarized the chemical structures, producing organisms and biological activities of 237 diterpenes which were isolated from various marine-derived fungi over the period from 2009 to 2021. This review is beneficial for the exploration of marine-derived fungi as promising sources of bioactive diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qiu
- Marine Biomedical Research Institution, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Jinmei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Marine Biomedical Research Institution, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Donghai Lin
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zongze Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.S.)
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Guo R, Li G, Zhang Z, Peng X. Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma harzianum. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:701. [PMID: 36355024 PMCID: PMC9696559 DOI: 10.3390/md20110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum, from both marine and terrestrial environments, has attracted considerable attention. T. harzianum has a tremendous potential to produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs), which are an important source of new herbicides and antibiotics. This review prioritizes the SMs of T. harzianum from 1988 to June 2022, and their relevant biological activities. Marine-derived SMs, especially terpenoids, polyketides, and macrolides compounds, occupy a significant proportion of natural products from T. harzianum, deserving more of our attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoping Peng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Bai B, Liu C, Zhang C, He X, Wang H, Peng W, Zheng C. Trichoderma species from plant and soil: An excellent resource for biosynthesis of terpenoids with versatile bioactivities. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00212-0. [PMID: 36195283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma species are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. In the past decades, a series of secondary metabolites were reported from different Trichoderma fungi, among which terpenoids possessing versatile structural diversities and extensive pharmacological activities are one of the particularly important categories. AIM OF REVIEW The review aims to summarize the terpenoids isolated from Trichoderma species regarding their structural diversities, biological activities, and promising biosynthetic potentials. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW So far, a total of 253 terpenoids, including 202 sesquiterpenes, 48 diterpenes, 2 monoterpenes and 1 meroterpenoid, were isolated and identified from Trichoderma species between 1948 and 2022. Pharmacological investigations of Trichoderma terpenoids mainly focused on their antibacterial activities, antifungal activities, inhibitory activities on marine plankton species and cytotoxic activities, indicating that Trichoderma species are important microbial agents for drug discovery and environmentally friendly agrochemicals development. Intriguing chemistry and enzymology involved in the biosynthesis of Trichoderma terpenoids were also presented to facilitate further precise genome mining-guided novel structure discovery. Taken together, the abundance of novel skeletons, bioactivities and biosynthetic potentials presents new opportunities for drug and agrochemicals discovery, genome mining and enzymology exploration from Trichoderma species. The work will provide references for the profound study of terpenoids derived from Trichoderma, and facilitate further studies on Trichoderma species in the areas of chemistry, medicine, agriculture and microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingke Bai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chengzhong Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xuhui He
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
| | - Chengjian Zheng
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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Zhang FL, Feng T. Diterpenes Specially Produced by Fungi: Structures, Biological Activities, and Biosynthesis (2010–2020). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030244. [PMID: 35330246 PMCID: PMC8951520 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi have traditionally been a very rewarding source of biologically active natural products, while diterpenoids from fungi, such as the cyathane-type diterpenoids from Cyathus and Hericium sp., the fusicoccane-type diterpenoids from Fusicoccum and Alternaria sp., the guanacastane-type diterpenoids from Coprinus and Cercospora sp., and the harziene-type diterpenoids from Trichoderma sp., often represent unique carbon skeletons as well as diverse biological functions. The abundances of novel skeletons, biological activities, and biosynthetic pathways present new opportunities for drug discovery, genome mining, and enzymology. In addition, diterpenoids peculiar to fungi also reveal the possibility of differing biological evolution, although they have similar biosynthetic pathways. In this review, we provide an overview about the structures, biological activities, evolution, organic synthesis, and biosynthesis of diterpenoids that have been specially produced by fungi from 2010 to 2020. We hope this review provides timely illumination and beneficial guidance for future research works of scholars who are interested in this area.
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Artasasta MA, Yanwirasti Y, Taher M, Djamaan A, Ariantari NP, Edrada-Ebel RA, Handayani D. Apoptotic Activity of New Oxisterigmatocystin Derivatives from the Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus nomius NC06. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:631. [PMID: 34822502 PMCID: PMC8621937 DOI: 10.3390/md19110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponge-derived fungi have recently attracted attention as an important source of interesting bioactive compounds. Aspergillus nomius NC06 was isolated from the marine sponge Neopetrosia chaliniformis. This fungus was cultured on rice medium and yielded four compounds including three new oxisterigmatocystins, namely, J, K, and L (1, 2, and 3), and one known compound, aspergillicin A (4). Structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxic activity against HT 29 colon cancer cells, where compounds 1, 2, and 4 exhibited IC50 values of 6.28, 15.14, and 1.63 µM, respectively. Under the fluorescence microscope by using a double staining method, HT 29 cells were observed to be viable, apoptotic, and necrotic after treatment with the cytotoxic compounds 1, 2, and 4. The result shows that compounds 1 and 2 were able to induce apoptosis and cell death in HT 29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muh. Ade Artasasta
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia; (M.A.A.); (A.D.)
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang (UM), Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Yanwirasti Yanwirasti
- Departement of Biomedical, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia;
| | - Muhammad Taher
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia;
| | - Akmal Djamaan
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia; (M.A.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Ni Putu Ariantari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali 80361, Indonesia;
| | - Ru Angelie Edrada-Ebel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, The John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK;
| | - Dian Handayani
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia; (M.A.A.); (A.D.)
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Carroll AR, Copp BR, Davis RA, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:362-413. [PMID: 33570537 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2019 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 719 citations (701 for the period January to December 2019) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1490 in 440 papers for 2019), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. Methods used to study marine fungi and their chemical diversity have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia and School of Enivironment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Bivalent Metal-Chelating Properties of Harzianic Acid Produced by Trichoderma pleuroticola Associated to the Gastropod Melarhaphe neritoides. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092147. [PMID: 32375327 PMCID: PMC7248884 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Harzianic acid is a secondary metabolite of Trichoderma, structurally belonging to the dienyltetramic acid subgroup of the tetramic acids. Biological activities of harzianic acid are of great interest for its antimicrobial and plant growth-promoting activities, which might be related to its chelating properties. In the present work harzianic acid, isolated from cultures of a strain of Trichoderma pleuroticola associated to the gastropod Melarhaphe neritoides, was studied as a complexant agent of a number of biologically relevant transition metals (i.e., Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, and Mn2+), using UV-VIS, potentiometry, MS and NMR techniques. Our findings show the coordination capacity of harzianic acid toward the above cations through the formation of neutral or charged complexes in a variable ratio depending on the metal and pH conditions.
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Shi T, Shao CL, Liu Y, Zhao DL, Cao F, Fu XM, Yu JY, Wu JS, Zhang ZK, Wang CY. Terpenoids From the Coral-Derived Fungus Trichoderma harzianum (XS-20090075) Induced by Chemical Epigenetic Manipulation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:572. [PMID: 32318046 PMCID: PMC7147461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The soft coral-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum (XS-20090075) was found to be a potential strain to produce substantial new compounds in our previous study. In order to explore its potential to produce more metabolites, chemical epigenetic manipulation was used on this fungus to wake its sleeping genes, leading to the significant changes of its secondary metabolites by using a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. The most obvious difference was the original main products harziane diterpenoids were changed into cyclonerane sesquiterpenoids. Three new terpenoids were isolated from the fungal culture treated with 10 μM sodium butyrate, including cleistanthane diterpenoid, harzianolic acid A (1), harziane diterpenoid, harzianone E (2), and cyclonerane sesquiterpenoid, 3,7,11-trihydroxy-cycloneran (3), together with 11 known sesquiterpenoids (4-14). The absolute configurations of 1-3 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, ECD and OR calculations, and biogenetic considerations. This was the first time to obtain cleistanthane diterpenoid and africane sesquiterpenoid from genus Trichoderma, and this was the first chlorinated cleistanthane diterpenoid. These results demonstrated that the chemical epigenetic manipulation should be an efficient technique for the discovery of new secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dong-Lin Zhao
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia-Yin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing-Shuai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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