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Vasileva EA, Berdyshev DV, Mishchenko NP, Gerasimenko AV, Menchinskaya ES, Pislyagin EA, Chingizova EA, Kaluzhskiy LA, Dautov SS, Fedoreyev SA. Phanogracilins A-C, New Bibenzochromenones of Crinoid Phanogenia gracilis (Hartlaub, 1890). Biomolecules 2024; 14:151. [PMID: 38397388 PMCID: PMC10887160 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Three new bibenzochromenones named phanogracilins A-C (1-3) were isolated from the crinoid Phanogenia gracilis. The structure of 1 was established using X-ray crystallography as 5,5',6,6',8,8'-hexahydroxy-2,2'-dipropyl-4H,4'H-[7,9'-bibenzo[g]chromene]-4,4'-dione. This allowed us to assign reliably 2D NMR signals for compound 1 and subsequently for its isomer 2 that differed in the connecting position of two benzochromenone moieties (7,10' instead of 7,9'), and compound for 3 that differed in the length of the aliphatic chain of one of the fragments. Compound 4 was derived from 1 in alkaline conditions, and its structure was elucidated as 5,5',6',8,8'-pentahydroxy-2,2'-dipropyl-4H,4'H-[7,9'-bibenzo[g]chromene]-4,4',6,9-tetraone. Even though compounds 1-4 did not contain stereo centers, they possessed notable optical activity due to sterical hindrances, which limited the internal rotation of two benzochromenone fragments around C(7)-C(9'/10') bonds. Isolated bibenzochromenones 1-4 were tested for their antiradical, neuroprotective and antimicrobial activities. Compounds 1, 3 and 4 demonstrated significant antiradical properties towards ABTS radicals higher than the positive control trolox. Compounds 1 and 4 exhibited moderate neuroprotective activity, increasing the viability of rotenone-treated Neuro-2a cells at a concentration of 1 µM by 9.8% and 11.8%, respectively. Compounds 1 and 3 at concentrations from 25 to 100 μM dose-dependently inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and yeast-like fungi C. albicans, and they also prevented the formation of their biofilms. Compounds 2 and 4 exhibited low antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Vasileva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (D.V.B.); (N.P.M.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.C.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Dmitrii V. Berdyshev
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (D.V.B.); (N.P.M.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.C.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Natalia P. Mishchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (D.V.B.); (N.P.M.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.C.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Andrey V. Gerasimenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina S. Menchinskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (D.V.B.); (N.P.M.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.C.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Evgeniy A. Pislyagin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (D.V.B.); (N.P.M.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.C.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Chingizova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (D.V.B.); (N.P.M.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.C.); (S.A.F.)
| | | | - Salim Sh. Dautov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia;
| | - Sergey A. Fedoreyev
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (D.V.B.); (N.P.M.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.C.); (S.A.F.)
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Pelageev DN, Borisova KL, Anufriev VP. Dimeric (Poly)Hydroxynaphthazarins, Metabolites of Echinoderms and Lichens: The History of the Synthesis and Structure Elucidation. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:407. [PMID: 37504938 PMCID: PMC10381475 DOI: 10.3390/md21070407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides information on the synthesis and revision of the structures of natural dimeric (poly)hydroxynaphthazarins, metabolites of echinoderms and lichens, and on the refinement of the direction and mechanism of reactions in the synthesis of some of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry N Pelageev
- G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Ksenia L Borisova
- G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Victor Ph Anufriev
- G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
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3
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Kikionis S, Papakyriakopoulou P, Mavrogiorgis P, Vasileva EA, Mishchenko NP, Fedoreyev SA, Valsami G, Ioannou E, Roussis V. Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Forms of the Marine Bioactive Pigment Echinochrome A Enabling Alternative Routes of Administration. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040250. [PMID: 37103389 PMCID: PMC10147083 DOI: 10.3390/md21040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinochrome A (EchA), a marine bioactive pigment isolated from various sea urchin species, is the active agent of the clinically approved drug Histochrome®. EchA is currently only available in the form of an isotonic solution of its di- and tri-sodium salts due to its poor water solubility and sensitivity to oxidation. Electrospun polymeric nanofibers have lately emerged as promising drug carriers capable of improving the dissolution and bioavailability of drugs with limited water solubility. In the current study, EchA isolated from sea urchins of the genus Diadema collected at the island of Kastellorizo was incorporated in electrospun micro-/nanofibrous matrices composed of polycaprolactone and polyvinylpyrrolidone in various combinations. The physicochemical properties of the micro-/nanofibers were characterized using SEM, FT-IR, TGA and DSC analyses. The fabricated matrices exhibited variable dissolution/release profiles of EchA, as evidenced in in vitro experiments using gastrointestinal-like fluids (pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8). Ex vivo permeability studies using the EchA-loaded micro-/nanofibrous matrices showed an increased permeation of EchA across the duodenum barrier. The results of our study clearly show that electrospun polymeric micro-/nanofibers represent promising carriers for the development of new pharmaceutical formulations with controlled release, as well as increased stability and solubility of EchA, suitable for oral administration, while offering the potential for targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Kikionis
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Papakyriakopoulou
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Mavrogiorgis
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Elena A Vasileva
- Laboratory of the Chemistry of Natural Quinonoid Compounds of the G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Natalia P Mishchenko
- Laboratory of the Chemistry of Natural Quinonoid Compounds of the G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergey A Fedoreyev
- Laboratory of the Chemistry of Natural Quinonoid Compounds of the G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathia Ioannou
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios Roussis
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Pham TK, Nguyen THT, Yun HR, Vasileva EA, Mishchenko NP, Fedoreyev SA, Stonik VA, Vu TT, Nguyen HQ, Cho SW, Kim HK, Han J. Echinochrome A Prevents Diabetic Nephropathy by Inhibiting the PKC-Iota Pathway and Enhancing Renal Mitochondrial Function in db/db Mice. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040222. [PMID: 37103361 PMCID: PMC10142928 DOI: 10.3390/md21040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinochrome A (EchA) is a natural bioproduct extracted from sea urchins, and is an active component of the clinical drug, Histochrome®. EchA has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. However, its effects on diabetic nephropathy (DN) remain poorly understood. In the present study, seven-week-old diabetic and obese db/db mice were injected with Histochrome (0.3 mL/kg/day; EchA equivalent of 3 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 12 weeks, while db/db control mice and wild-type (WT) mice received an equal amount of sterile 0.9% saline. EchA improved glucose tolerance and reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels but did not affect body weight. In addition, EchA decreased renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid hydroperoxide levels, and increased ATP production. Histologically, EchA treatment ameliorated renal fibrosis. Mechanistically, EchA suppressed oxidative stress and fibrosis by inhibiting protein kinase C-iota (PKCι)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), downregulating p53 and c-Jun phosphorylation, attenuating NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1) signaling. Moreover, EchA enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signaling, improving mitochondrial function and antioxidant activity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that EchA prevents DN by inhibiting PKCι/p38 MAPK and upregulating the AMPKα/NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathways in db/db mice, and may provide a therapeutic option for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong Kha Pham
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - To Hoai T. Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Rok Yun
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Elena A. Vasileva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Natalia P. Mishchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Fedoreyev
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valentin A. Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Thu Thi Vu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Huy Quang Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Sung Woo Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Cardiac & Vascular Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Goyang 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
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Borisova KL, Pelageev DN, Mel’man GI, Mashnev BP, Anufriev VF. Synthesis of (+/–)-Mesocentroquinone, a Biquinone of a Novel Structural Class and Metabolite of Sea Urchins Mesocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius, and Related Compounds#. Chem Nat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-022-03855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ageenko NV, Kiselev KV, Odintsova NA. Quinoid Pigments of Sea Urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis and Strongylocentrotus intermedius: Biological Activity and Potential Applications. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:611. [PMID: 36286435 PMCID: PMC9605347 DOI: 10.3390/md20100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents literature data: the history of the discovery of quinoid compounds, their biosynthesis and biological activity. Special attention is paid to the description of the quinoid pigments of the sea urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis (from the family Scutellidae) and Strongylocentrotus intermedius (from the family Strongylocentrotidae). The marine environment is considered one of the most important sources of natural bioactive compounds with extremely rich biodiversity. Primary- and some secondary-mouthed animals contain very high concentrations of new biologically active substances, many of which are of significant potential interest for medical purposes. The quinone pigments are products of the secondary metabolism of marine animals, can have complex structures and become the basis for the development of new natural products in echinoids that are modulators of chemical interactions and possible active ingredients in medicinal preparations. More than 5000 chemical compounds with high pharmacological potential have been isolated and described from marine organisms. There are three well known ways of naphthoquinone biosynthesis-polyketide, shikimate and mevalonate. The polyketide pathway is the biosynthesis pathway of various quinones. The shikimate pathway is the main pathway in the biosynthesis of naphthoquinones. It should be noted that all quinoid compounds in plants and animals can be synthesized by various ways of biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V. Ageenko
- Laboratory of Cytotechnology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, The Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS), 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Kiselev
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, FEB RAS, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Nelly A. Odintsova
- Laboratory of Cytotechnology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, The Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS), 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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Soleimani S, Mashjoor S, Yousefzadi M, Kumar M. Multi-target bioactivity of summer quinones production in the Persian Gulf burrowing black-type sea urchin. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09044. [PMID: 35284673 PMCID: PMC8908023 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
After harvesting the sea urchin gonads for Japanese food “uni” echinoculture systems, the remaining shells and spines are considered waste. However, the material of shells and spines is thought to be rich in natural bioactive molecules. The current study used liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry to extract summer quinones pigment present in spines and shells of the burrowing sea urchin ‘black’ type Echinometra mathaei from the natural Qeshm Island echinoculture. Then, the biochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of sea urchin quinones pigment were investigated. In terms of bioactivity, both shell and spine pigments demonstrated strong radical scavenging activity (antioxidant). The shell pigment exhibited maximum albumin denaturation inhibition (IC50 = 9.62 μg/ml) (anti-inflammatory), as well as α-amylase inhibition (92.28 percent 4.77) (antidiabetic). Pigments were discovered to have a low antibacterial effect against positive gramme bacteria, as well as low cytotoxic and embryotoxic effects when compared to Artemia salina and zebrafish (Danio rerio). For identification and quantification of pigment extracts, both the photodiode array detector and LC-ESI-MS were used. Spinochrome A, B, and C, as well as echinochrome A, were identified as bioactive quinonoid pigments. This chemical defence is discussed in relation to its algal diet and environmental conditions. In conclusion, the isolated pigments obtained from the shell and spines of E. mathaei sea urchins found to have potent bio-activity and can be used for various biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soolmaz Soleimani
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sakineh Mashjoor
- Marine Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, (BHU), Varanasi, India
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Jobson S, Hamel JF, Mercier A. Rainbow bodies: Revisiting the diversity of coelomocyte aggregates and their synthesis in echinoderms. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:352-365. [PMID: 35167932 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The innate immunity of echinoderms has been a research focus since the early twentieth century, consistently providing ever deeper knowledge of its complexity and evolutionary aspects. At its core are coelomocytes, which are diverse cells collectively known to respond in a variety of ways, including via movement, phagocytosis, and aggregation. However, features of cellular immunity have never been compared in echinoderms from phylogenetic and distributional perspectives, to provide insight into ecological and evolutionary patterns. The present study catalyzed and characterized the formation of coelomocyte aggregates in members of all five extant classes of echinoderms. The morphological characteristics of these aggregates (including their colour, shape, texture, size) were assessed, as well as the major cells composing them. Coelomocyte diversity (both as free and aggregated forms) was determined to be maximum in class Holothuroidea, followed by Echinoidea, with the other classes showing similar levels of diversity. The colours of coelomocyte aggregates appeared to be more closely linked to phylogeny (classes, orders) rather than geographic range, or external colour of the species themselves. Asteroids and ophiuroids displayed primarily light-coloured aggregates, from transparent to green; while holothuroids, echinoids and crinoids demonstrated more vivid variants, from red to deep purple. The kinetics of aggregate formation and expulsion were monitored in selected species, showing immediate cellular response to foreign particulate matter in the form of encapsulation and various methods of expulsion, including through the dermal papillae of asteroids and the anus (cloaca) of holothuroids. The findings support that coelomocyte aggregate formation is a conserved immune response across all five extant classes of echinoderms with variations in their cell catalysts, complexity, shape, colour, and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jobson
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
| | - Jean-François Hamel
- Society for the Exploration and Valuing of the Environment, St. Philips, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Annie Mercier
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Soleimani S, Mashjoor S, Mitra S, Yousefzadi M, Rezadoost H. Coelomic fluid of Echinometra mathaei: The new prospects for medicinal antioxidants. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:311-319. [PMID: 34418558 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Echinoid pigments have various biological properties such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities. We aimed to evaluate the extraction of cell-free coelomic fluid (CFCF) and coelomocyte lysate (CL) as well as qualitatively and quantitatively identify the coelomic fluid of Echinometra mathaei as a new source of polyhydroxylatednaphthoquinone (PHNQ) antioxidant pigments. Based on the High Performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis in negative mode, the main quinonoid (PHNQ) pigments were identified and quantified. This study also illustrated the total ion current chromatograms and related mass spectra of Spinochrome A, Spinochrome B, Spinochrome C, and Echinochrome A in CL and SpinochromeC in CFCF samples. The ions at 221, 279, 265 and 263 m/z correspond to the pseudo-molecular [M - H] ions of Spinochrome B, Spinochrome C, Echinochrome A, and Spinochrome A, respectively. These components have previously been noted from the shells and spines of sea urchins but identification of PHNQs pigments in CL and CFCF of E. mathaei using LC-MS was introduced for the first time. The results also showed that, the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of CFCF (88.12 DPPH% scavenging at 70 μg/mL, IC50 = <10 μg/mL). The findings clearly suggest that the coelomic fluid of E. mathaei could be served as the promising as well as potential natural antioxidants in the medical and pharmaceutical industries and could replace the increasing prices of the commercial antioxidants products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soolmaz Soleimani
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sakineh Mashjoor
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Marine Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | - Morteza Yousefzadi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.
| | - Hassan Rezadoost
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, ShahidBeheshti University, GC, Tehran, Iran
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