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Tounsi L, Ben Hlima H, Derbel H, Duchez D, Gardarin C, Dubessay P, Drira M, Fendri I, Michaud P, Abdelkafi S. Enhanced growth and metabolite production from a novel strain of Porphyridium sp. Bioengineered 2024; 15:2294160. [PMID: 38131141 PMCID: PMC10761138 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2294160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are capable of generating numerous metabolites that possess notable biological activities and hold substantial promise for various industrial applications. Nevertheless, the taxonomic diversity of these photosynthetic microorganisms has not received thorough investigation. Using the 18S rRNA encoding gene, a recently discovered strain originating from the Tunisian coast (the governorate of Mahdia) was identified as a member of the Porphyridium genus. The growth response as well as the metabolite accumulation of Porphyridium sp. to different culture media (Pm, F/2, and Hemerick) was investigated over a period of 52 days. The highest biomass production was recorded with Pm medium (2 × 107 cell/mL). The apparent growth rates (µ) and the doubling time (Dt) were about 0.081 day-1 and 12.34 days, respectively. The highest chlorophyll a (0.678 ± 0.005 pg/cell), total carotenoids (0.18 ± 0.003 pg/cell), phycoerythrin (3.88 ± 0.003 pg/cell), and proteins (14.58 ± 0.35 pg/cell) contents were observed with F/2 medium. Cultivating Porphyridium sp. in both F/2 and Hemerick media yielded similar levels of starch accumulation. The Hemerick medium has proven to be the most suitable for the production of lipids (2.23% DW) and exopolysaccharides (5.41 ± 0.56 pg/cell).
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Tounsi
- Laboratory of Enzymatic Engineering and Microbiology, Algae Biotechnology Team. National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Pascal Institute, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hajer Ben Hlima
- Laboratory of Enzymatic Engineering and Microbiology, Algae Biotechnology Team. National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hana Derbel
- Laboratory of Enzymatic Engineering and Microbiology, Algae Biotechnology Team. National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - David Duchez
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Pascal Institute, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Gardarin
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Pascal Institute, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascal Dubessay
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Pascal Institute, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marwa Drira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Imen Fendri
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology Applied to Crop Improvement, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Philippe Michaud
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Pascal Institute, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Laboratory of Enzymatic Engineering and Microbiology, Algae Biotechnology Team. National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Schultz C, Zopf D, Holzinger A, Silge A, Meyer-Zedler T, Schmitt M, Wichard T, Popp J. Raman Spectral Analysis in the CH x-Stretching Region as a Guiding Beacon for Non-Targeted, Disruption-Free Monitoring of Germination and Biofilm Formation in the Green Seaweed Ulva. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400173. [PMID: 38845571 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy was used to study the complex interactions and morphogenesis of the green seaweed Ulva (Chlorophyta) and its associated bacteria under controlled conditions in a reductionist model system. Integrating multiple imaging techniques contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of these biological processes. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy was introduced as a non-invasive, label-free tool for examining chemical information of the tripartite community Ulva mutabilis-Roseovarius sp.-Maribacter sp. The study explored cell differentiation, cell wall protrusion, and bacterial-macroalgae interactions of intact algal thalli. Using Raman spectroscopy, the analysis of the CHx-stretching wavenumber region distinguished spatial regions in Ulva germination and cellular malformations under axenic conditions and upon inoculation with a specific bacterium in bipartite communities. The spectral information was used to guide in-depth analyses within the fingerprint region and to identify substance classes such as proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides, including evidence for ulvan found in cell wall protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Schultz
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Member of Leibniz-Health-Technologies, Member of the Leibniz-Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - David Zopf
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Member of Leibniz-Health-Technologies, Member of the Leibniz-Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Member of the Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Botany, Sternwartestrasse 15, A, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anja Silge
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Member of Leibniz-Health-Technologies, Member of the Leibniz-Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Member of the Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Meyer-Zedler
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Member of Leibniz-Health-Technologies, Member of the Leibniz-Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Member of the Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Member of the Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Wichard
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jena School for Microbial Communication, Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Juergen Popp
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Member of Leibniz-Health-Technologies, Member of the Leibniz-Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Member of the Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Yahyaoui K, Traikia M, Rihouey C, Picton L, Gardarin C, Ksouri WM, Laroche C. Chemical characterization of polysaccharides from Gracilaria gracilis from Bizerte (Tunisia). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131127. [PMID: 38527684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides were extracted from Gracilaria gracilis collected from Manzel Jemil Lake in Bizerte Tunisia, with two different solvents (water and NaOH 0.3 M). Different assays were performed on samples (total sugars, neutral sugars, uronic acids, anhydrogalactose, proteins, sulphates, pyruvates), followed by high performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) to observe the monosaccharide composition, high pressure size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering (HPSEC-MALS) to obtain the molecular mass, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to access to structural data. Results have shown that the polysaccharide extracted from Gracilaria gracilis collected from Manzel Jemil Lake in Bizerte Tunisia, is of agar type but with high molecular mass and some original structural features. Hence, the sample was found to contain 9 % of pyruvate groups and is partly sulphated at the C4 of β-d-galactose and methylated on C2 of anhydro-α-l-galactose. The polymer from G. gracilis from Bizerte thus presents a never described structure that could be interesting for further rheological or biological activities applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yahyaoui
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology, Technopark of Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - M Traikia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - C Rihouey
- Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces, F-76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - L Picton
- Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces, F-76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - C Gardarin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - W Megdiche Ksouri
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology, Technopark of Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - C Laroche
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Debnath S, Muthuraj M, Bandyopadhyay TK, Bobby MN, Vanitha K, Tiwari ON, Bhunia B. Engineering strategies and applications of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides: A review on past achievements and recent perspectives. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121686. [PMID: 38220318 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ideally suited for developing sustainable biological products but are underdeveloped due to a lack of genetic tools. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) is one of the essential bioproducts with widespread industrial applications. Despite their unique structural characteristics associated with distinct biological and physicochemical aspects, EPS from cyanobacteria has been underexplored. However, it is expected to accelerate in the near future due to the utilization of low-cost cyanobacterial platforms and readily available information on the structural data and specific features of these biopolymers. In recent years, cyanobacterial EPSs have attracted growing scientific attention due to their simple renewability, rheological characteristics, massive production, and potential uses in several biotechnology domains. This review focuses on the most recent research on potential new EPS producers and their distinct compositions responsible for novel biological activities. Additionally, nutritional and process parameters discovered recently for enhancing EPS production and engineering strategies applied currently to control the biosynthetic pathway for enhanced EPS production are critically highlighted. The process intensification of previously developed EPS extraction and purification processes from cyanobacterial biomass is also extensively explained. Furthermore, the newly reported biotechnological applications of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Debnath
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala 799046, India
| | - Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala 799046, India.
| | | | - Md Nazneen Bobby
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kondi Vanitha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Narsapur, Medak, Telangana, India
| | - Onkar Nath Tiwari
- Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae, Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR), New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Biswanath Bhunia
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala 799046, India.
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Tian X, Wang Y, Xing X, Song S. Research progress on the functions, preparation and detection methods of l-fucose. Food Chem 2024; 433:137393. [PMID: 37672945 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
l-fucose is a six-carbon sugar that has potential applications in many fields. It exerts antitumor effects and could relieve intestinal disease. It exhibits potential as an emulsifier in the food industry. It is also used as a functional food and in anti-aging skincare products. However, at present, it is not possible to prepare high-purity l-fucose on a large scale, and its preparation needs further development. This review summarizes the preparation methods of l-fucose including chemical synthesis, enzymatic synthesis, microbial fermentation, and separation and purification from algae. The detection methods of l-fucose are also introduced in detail, such as l-fucose-specific lectin, detection l-fucose dehydrogenase, cysteine-sulfuric acid method, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and biosensors. In this review, the properties and pharmacological effects of l-fucose; preparation methods, and the commonly used detection methods of l-fucose are reviewed to serve as a reference material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiang Xing
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Weihai Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Shuliang Song
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Weihai Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
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Estime B, Ren D, Sureshkumar R. Tailored Fabrication of Plasmonic Film Light Filters for Enhanced Microalgal Growth and Biomass Composition. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:44. [PMID: 38202499 PMCID: PMC10780999 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Through plasmon resonance, silver and gold nanoparticles can selectively backscatter light within different regions of the visible electromagnetic spectrum. We engineered a plasmonic film technology that utilizes gold and silver nanoparticles to enhance light at the necessary wavelengths for microalgal photosynthetic activities. Nanoparticles were embedded in a polymeric matrix to fabricate millimeter-thin plasmonic films that can be used as light filters in microalgal photobioreactors. Experiments conducted with microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii proved that microalgal growth and photosynthetic pigment production can be increased by up to 50% and 78%, respectively, by using these plasmonic film light filters. This work provides a scalable strategy for the efficient production of specialty chemicals and biofuels from microalgae through irradiation control with plasmonic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bendy Estime
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (B.E.); (D.R.)
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Dacheng Ren
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (B.E.); (D.R.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Radhakrishna Sureshkumar
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (B.E.); (D.R.)
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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Zhou R, Qian Y, Lei Z, Tang Y, Li Y. Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides from salinity-induced Auxenochlorella protothecoides and the analysis of anti-inflammatory activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124217. [PMID: 37001784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The set scenario of this work was to investigate the production, physicochemical characteristics, and anti-inflammatory activities of exopolysaccharides from salinity-induced Auxenochlorella protothecoides. The results demonstrated that 10 ‰ salinity manipulation endowed preferable exopolysaccharide production by A. protothecoides. Under this salinity stress, ACPEPS1A and ACPEPS2A were purified from exopolysaccharide production by anion chromatography and molecular exclusion chromatography. ACPEPS1A exhibited a molecular weight (Mw) of 132 kDa and mainly consisted of galactose. ACPEPS2A was a heteropolysaccharide with an Mw of 170 kDa and the main monosaccharides of galactose and rhamnose with separate molar percents of 42.41 % and 35.29 %, respectively. FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR supported that monosaccharide components of ACPEPS1A and ACPEPS2A possessed both α- and β-configuration pyranose rings. Further evidence indicated that ACPEPS1A and ACPEPS2A could effectively inhibit the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW264.7 cells by quenching inflammatory factor levels such as ROS, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6. The potential anti-inflammatory possibilities were that the monosaccharides of ACPEPS1A and ACPEPS2A possessed higher affinity with receptors on the macrophage surface than LPS and hampered LPS-induced inflammation. The findings of this work would favor innovative applications of exopolysaccharides from microalgae in complementary medicines or functional foods.
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Qi M, Zheng C, Wu W, Yu G, Wang P. Exopolysaccharides from Marine Microbes: Source, Structure and Application. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080512. [PMID: 36005515 PMCID: PMC9409974 DOI: 10.3390/md20080512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique living environment of marine microorganisms endows them with the potential to produce novel chemical compounds with various biological activities. Among them, the exopolysaccharides produced by marine microbes are an important factor for them to survive in these extreme environments. Up to now, exopolysaccharides from marine microbes, especially from extremophiles, have attracted more and more attention due to their structural complexity, biodegradability, biological activities, and biocompatibility. With the development of culture and separation methods, an increasing number of novel exopolysaccharides are being found and investigated. Here, the source, structure and biological activities of exopolysaccharides, as well as their potential applications in environmental restoration fields of the last decade are summarized, indicating the commercial potential of these versatile EPS in different areas, such as food, cosmetic, and biomedical industries, and also in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Qi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Caijuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (G.Y.); (P.W.); Tel.: +86-021-61900388 (W.W.); +86-0532-8203-1609 (G.Y.); +86-021-61900388 (P.W.)
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266237, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (G.Y.); (P.W.); Tel.: +86-021-61900388 (W.W.); +86-0532-8203-1609 (G.Y.); +86-021-61900388 (P.W.)
| | - Peipei Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (G.Y.); (P.W.); Tel.: +86-021-61900388 (W.W.); +86-0532-8203-1609 (G.Y.); +86-021-61900388 (P.W.)
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Laroche C. Exopolysaccharides from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria: Diversity of Strains, Production Strategies, and Applications. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050336. [PMID: 35621987 PMCID: PMC9148076 DOI: 10.3390/md20050336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae and cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms that can produce/accumulate biomolecules with industrial interest. Among these molecules, EPSs are macromolecular polysaccharidic compounds that present biological activities and physico-chemical properties, allowing to consider their valorization in diverse commercial markets, such as cosmetic, therapeutic, nutraceutic, or hydrocolloids areas. The number of microalgae and cyanobacteria strains described to produce such EPSs has increased in recent years as, among the 256 producing strains gathered in this review, 86 were published in the last 10 years (~33%). Moreover, with the rise of research on microalgae EPSs, a variety of monosaccharides compositions have been discovered, highlighting the versatility of these organisms. If some production strategies can be applied to increase EPS production yields, it appears that case by case studies are needed to promote EPS synthesis by a strain, as many responses exist. This paper proposes an up-to-date state of the art of the diversity of microalgae and cyanobacteria EPS-producing strains, associated to the variability of compositions. The strategies for the production and extraction of the polymers are also discussed. Finally, an overview of the biological activities and physico-chemical properties allow one to consider their use on several commercial markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Laroche
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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