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Liang Y, Xian L, Pan J, Zhu K, Guo H, Liu B, Zhang N, Ou-Yang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang D. De Novo Genome Assembly of the Whitespot Parrotfish ( Scarus forsteni): A Valuable Scaridae Genomic Resource. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:249. [PMID: 38397238 PMCID: PMC10888354 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Scarus forsteni, a whitespot parrotfish from the Scaridae family, is a herbivorous fish inhabiting coral reef ecosystems. The deterioration of coral reefs has highly affected the habitats of the parrotfish. The decline in genetic diversity of parrotfish emphasizes the critical importance of conserving their genetic variability to ensure the resilience and sustainability of marine ecosystems for future generations. In this study, a genome of S. forsteni was assembled de novo through using Illumina and Nanopore sequencing. The 1.71-Gb genome of S. forsteni, was assembled into 544 contigs (assembly level: contig). It exhibited an N50 length of 17.97 Mb and a GC content percentage of 39.32%. Our BUSCO analysis revealed that the complete protein of the S. forsteni genome had 98.10% integrity. Combined with structure annotation data, 34,140 (74.81%) genes were functionally annotated out of 45,638 predicted protein-coding genes. Upon comparing the genome size and TE content of teleost fishes, a roughly linear relationship was observed between these two parameters. However, TE content is not a decisive factor in determining the genome size of S. forsteni. Population history analysis results indicate that S. forsteni experienced two major population expansions, both of which occurred before the last interglacial period. In addition, through a comparative genomic analysis of the evolutionary relationship of other species, it was found that S. forsteni had the closest relationship with Cheilinus undulatus, another member of the Labridae family. Our expansion and contraction analysis of the gene family showed that the expansion genes were mainly associated with immune diseases, organismal systems, and cellular processes. At the same time, cell transcription and translation, sex hormone regulation, and other related pathways were also more prominent in the positive selection genes. The genomic sequence of S. forsteni offers valuable resources for future investigations on the conservation, evolution, and behavior of fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Lin Xian
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Jinmin Pan
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Huayang Guo
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Baosuo Liu
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yan Ou-Yang
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Dianchang Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou 510300, China
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Clausing RJ, Ben Gharbia H, Sdiri K, Sibat M, Rañada-Mestizo ML, Lavenu L, Hess P, Chinain M, Bottein MYD. Tissue Distribution and Metabolization of Ciguatoxins in an Herbivorous Fish following Experimental Dietary Exposure to Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Mar Drugs 2023; 22:14. [PMID: 38248639 PMCID: PMC10817614 DOI: 10.3390/md22010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs), potent neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, accumulate in commonly consumed fish species, causing human ciguatera poisoning. Field collections of Pacific reef fish reveal that consumed CTXs undergo oxidative biotransformations, resulting in numerous, often toxified analogs. Following our study showing rapid CTX accumulation in flesh of an herbivorous fish, we used the same laboratory model to examine the tissue distribution and metabolization of Pacific CTXs following long-term dietary exposure. Naso brevirostris consumed cells of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis in a gel food matrix over 16 weeks at a constant dose rate of 0.36 ng CTX3C equiv g-1 fish d-1. CTX toxicity determination of fish tissues showed CTX activity in all tissues of exposed fish (eight tissues plus the carcass), with the highest concentrations in the spleen. Muscle tissue retained the largest proportion of CTXs, with 44% of the total tissue burden. Moreover, relative to our previous study, we found that larger fish with slower growth rates assimilated a higher proportion of ingested toxin in their flesh (13% vs. 2%). Analysis of muscle extracts revealed the presence of CTX3C and CTX3B as well as a biotransformed product showing the m/z transitions of 2,3-dihydroxyCTX3C. This is the first experimental evidence of oxidative transformation of an algal CTX in a model consumer and known vector of CTX into the fish food web. These findings that the flesh intended for human consumption carries the majority of the toxin load, and that growth rates can influence the relationship between exposure and accumulation, have significant implications in risk assessment and the development of regulatory measures aimed at ensuring seafood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Clausing
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hela Ben Gharbia
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (H.B.G.); (K.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Khalil Sdiri
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (H.B.G.); (K.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, ODE/PHYTOX/METALG, Rue de l’île d’Yeu, F-44300 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Ma. Llorina Rañada-Mestizo
- IAEA Collaborating Center on Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Studies, Chemistry Research Section, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI), Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;
| | - Laura Lavenu
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (H.B.G.); (K.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, ODE/PHYTOX/METALG, Rue de l’île d’Yeu, F-44300 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire des Biotoxines Marines, UMR 241 EIO, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30, Papeete-Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia;
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Holmes MJ, Lewis RJ. Origin of Ciguateric Fish: Quantitative Modelling of the Flow of Ciguatoxin through a Marine Food Chain. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080534. [PMID: 36006196 PMCID: PMC9414493 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To begin to understand the impact of food chain dynamics on ciguatera risk, we used published data to model the transfer of ciguatoxins across four trophic levels of a marine food chain in Platypus Bay, Australia. The data to support this first attempt to conceptualize the scale of each trophic transfer step was limited, resulting in broad estimates. The hypothetical scenario we explored generated a low-toxicity 10 kg Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) with a flesh concentration of 0.1 µg/kg of Pacific-ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1, also known as CTX1B) from 19.5–78.1 µg of P-CTX-1 equivalents (eq.) that enter the marine food chain from a population of 12–49 million benthic dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus sp.) producing 1.6 × 10−12 g/cell of the P-CTX-1 precursor, P-CTX-4B. This number of Gambierdiscus could be epiphytic on 22–88 kg of the benthic macroalgae (Cladophora) that carpets the bottom of much of Platypus Bay, with the toxin transferred to an estimated 40,000–160,000 alpheid shrimps in the second trophic level. This large number of shrimps appears unrealistic, but toxic shrimps would likely be consumed by a school of small, blotched javelin fish (Pomadasys maculatus) at the third trophic level, reducing the number of shrimps consumed by each fish. The Spanish mackerel would accumulate a flesh concentration of 0.1 µg/kg P-CTX-1 eq. by preying upon the school of blotched javelin and consuming 3.6–14.4 µg of P-CTX-1 eq. However, published data indicate this burden of toxin could be accumulated by a 10 kg Spanish mackerel from as few as one to three blotched javelin fish, suggesting that much greater amounts of toxin than modelled here must at certain times be produced and transferred through Platypus Bay food chains. This modelling highlights the need for better quantitative estimates of ciguatoxin production, biotransformation, and depuration through marine food chains to improve our understanding and management of ciguatera risk.
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