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Li QR, Xu HY, Ma RT, Ma YY, Chen MJ. Targeting Autophagy: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes Ther 2024; 15:2153-2182. [PMID: 39167303 PMCID: PMC11410753 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-024-01641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly impairs patients' quality of life, primarily because of its complications, which are the leading cause of mortality among individuals with the disease. Autophagy has emerged as a key process closely associated with DM, including its complications such as diabetic nephropathy (DN). DN is a major complication of DM, contributing significantly to chronic kidney disease and renal failure. The intricate connection between autophagy and DM, including DN, highlights the potential for new therapeutic targets. This review examines the interplay between autophagy and these conditions, aiming to uncover novel approaches to treatment and enhance our understanding of their underlying pathophysiology. It also explores the role of autophagy in maintaining renal homeostasis and its involvement in the development and progression of DM and DN. Furthermore, the review discusses natural compounds that may alleviate these conditions by modulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Rui Li
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui-Ying Xu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rui-Ting Ma
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ma
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao Street, Hohhot, 010050, China.
| | - Mei-Juan Chen
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Vahid F, Krischler P, Leners B, Bohn T. Effect of Digested Selected Food Items on Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in a Caco-2-Based Human Gut Epithelial Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:150. [PMID: 38397747 PMCID: PMC10885899 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The human gut epithelium presents a crucial interface between ingested food items and the host. Understanding how different food items influence oxidative stress and inflammation in the gut is of great importance. This study assessed the impact of various digested food items on oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA/RNA damage in human gut epithelial cells. Differentiated Caco-2 cells were exposed to food items and their combinations (n = 22) selected from a previous study, including sausage, white chocolate, soda, coffee, orange juice, and curcumin. Following stimulation with TNF-α/IFN-1β/LPS and H2O2 for 4 h, the cells were exposed to digested food items or appropriate controls (empty digesta and medium) for a further 16 h. Cell viability, antioxidant capacity (ABTS, FRAP), IL-6, IL-8, F2-isoprostanes, lipid peroxidation (MDA), and DNA/RNA oxidative damage were assessed (3 independent triplicates). The ABTS assay revealed that cells treated with "white chocolate" and "sausage + coffee" exhibited significantly reduced antioxidant capacity compared to stimulated control cells (ABTS = 52.3%, 54.8%, respectively, p < 0.05). Similar results were observed for FRAP (sausage = 34.9%; white chocolate + sausage = 35.1%). IL-6 levels increased in cells treated with "white chocolate + sausage" digesta (by 101%, p < 0.05). Moreover, MDA levels were significantly elevated in cells treated with digested "sausage" or sausage in combination with other food items. DNA/RNA oxidative damage was found to be higher in digesta containing sausage or white chocolate (up to 550%, p < 0.05) compared to stimulated control cells. This investigation provides insights into how different food items may affect gut health and underscores the complex interplay between food components and the epithelium at this critical interface of absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (F.V.); (P.K.); (B.L.)
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3
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Zhang ZD, Tao Q, Bai LX, Qin Z, Liu XW, Li SH, Yang YJ, Ge WB, Li JY. The Transport and Uptake of Resveratrol Mediated via Glucose Transporter 1 and Its Antioxidant Effect in Caco-2 Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:4569. [PMID: 37375124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-aging pharmacological activities. There is currently a gap in academic research regarding the uptake, transport, and reduction of H2O2-induced oxidative damage of resveratrol in the Caco-2 cell model. This study investigated the role of resveratrol in the uptake, transport, and alleviation of H2O2-induced oxidative damage in Caco-2 cells. In the Caco-2 cell transport model, it was observed that the uptake and transport of resveratrol (10, 20, 40, and 80 μM) were time dependent and concentration dependent. Different temperatures (37 °C vs. 4 °C) could significantly affect the uptake and transportation of resveratrol. The apical to basolateral transport of resveratrol was markedly reduced by STF-31, a GLUT1 inhibitor, and siRNA intervention. Furthermore, resveratrol pretreatment (80 μM) improves the viability of Caco-2 cells induced by H2O2. In a cellular metabolite analysis combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, 21 metabolites were identified as differentials. These differential metabolites belong to the urea cycle, arginine and proline metabolism, glycine and serine metabolism, ammonia recycling, aspartate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. The transport, uptake, and metabolism of resveratrol suggest that oral resveratrol could prevent intestinal diseases caused by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dong Zhang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qi Tao
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Li-Xia Bai
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhe Qin
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xi-Wang Liu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Shi-Hong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Wen-Bo Ge
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China
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4
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Bellachioma L, Morresi C, Albacete A, Martínez-Melgarejo PA, Ferretti G, Giorgini G, Galeazzi R, Damiani E, Bacchetti T. Insights on the Hypoglycemic Potential of Crocus sativus Tepal Polyphenols: An In Vitro and In Silico Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119213. [PMID: 37298165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-prandial hyperglycemia typical of diabetes mellitus could be alleviated using plant-derived compounds such as polyphenols, which could influence the activities of enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion and of intestinal glucose transporters. Here, we report on the potential anti-hyperglycemic effect of Crocus sativus tepals compared to stigmas, within the framework of valorizing these by-products of the saffron industry, since the anti-diabetic properties of saffron are well-known, but not those of its tepals. In vitro assays showed that tepal extracts (TE) had a greater inhibitory action than stigma extracts (SE) on α-amylase activity (IC50: TE = 0.60 ± 0.09 mg/mL; SE = 1.10 ± 0.08 mg/mL; acarbose = 0.051 ± 0.07) and on glucose absorption in Caco-2 differentiated cells (TE = 1.20 ± 0.02 mg/mL; SE = 2.30 ± 0.02 mg/mL; phlorizin = 0.23 ± 0.01). Virtual screening performed with principal compounds from stigma and tepals of C. sativus and human pancreatic α-amylase, glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and sodium glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT1) were validated via molecular docking, e.g., for human pancreatic α-amylase, epicatechin 3-o-gallate and catechin-3-o-gallate were the best scored ligands from tepals (-9.5 kcal/mol and -9.4 kcal/mol, respectively), while sesamin and episesamin were the best scored ones from stigmas (-10.1 kcal/mol). Overall, the results point to the potential of C. sativus tepal extracts in the prevention/management of diabetes, likely due to the rich pool of phytocompounds characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry, some of which are capable of binding and interacting with proteins involved in starch digestion and intestinal glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Bellachioma
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Camilla Morresi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Purificación A Martínez-Melgarejo
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Giorgini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Vasarri M, Barletta E, Stio M, Bergonzi MC, Galli A, Degl’Innocenti D. Ameliorative Effect of Posidonia oceanica on High Glucose-Related Stress in Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065203. [PMID: 36982278 PMCID: PMC10048879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders characterized by elevated blood glucose levels are a recognized risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Lipid dysregulation is critically involved in the HCC progression, regulating energy storage, metabolism, and cell signaling. There is a clear link between de novo lipogenesis in the liver and activation of the NF-κB pathway, which is involved in cancer metastasis via regulation of metalloproteinases MMP-2/9. As conventional therapies for HCC reach their limits, new effective and safe drugs need to be found for the prevention and/or adjuvant therapy of HCC. The marine plant Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile is endemic to the Mediterranean and has traditionally been used to treat diabetes and other health disorders. The phenol-rich leaf extract of Posidonia oceanica (POE) is known to have cell-safe bioactivities. Here, high glucose (HG) conditions were used to study lipid accumulation and fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression in human HepG2 hepatoma cells using Oil Red O and Western blot assays. Under HG conditions, the activation status of MAPKs/NF-κB axis and MMP-2/9 activity were determined by Western blot and gelatin zymography assays. The potential ameliorative role of POE against HG-related stress in HepG2 cells was then investigated. POE reduced lipid accumulation and FASN expression with an impact on de novo lipogenesis. Moreover, POE inhibited the MAPKs/NF-κB axis and, consequently, MMP-2/9 activity. Overall, these results suggest that P. oceanica may be a potential weapon in the HCC additional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Vasarri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuela Barletta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Stio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Galli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Donatella Degl’Innocenti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Interuniversity Center of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology “G. Bacci” (CIBM), Viale N. Sauro 4, 57128 Livorno, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Vasarri M, Degl’Innocenti D. News and Updates from 2022 on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Marine Products. Mar Drugs 2022; 21:md21010026. [PMID: 36662199 PMCID: PMC9864926 DOI: 10.3390/md21010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are often the common denominators of most modern chronic diseases and disorders, resulting in serious problems for health care systems [...].
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