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Rogers M, Obergrussberger A, Kondratskyi A, Fertig N. Using automated patch clamp electrophysiology platforms in ion channel drug discovery: an industry perspective. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:523-535. [PMID: 38481119 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2329104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Automated patch clamp (APC) is now well established as a mature technology for ion channel drug discovery in academia, biotech and pharma companies, and in contract research organizations (CRO), for a variety of applications including channelopathy research, compound screening, target validation and cardiac safety testing. AREAS COVERED Ion channels are an important class of drugged and approved drug targets. The authors present a review of the current state of ion channel drug discovery along with new and exciting developments in ion channel research involving APC. This includes topics such as native and iPSC-derived cells in ion channel drug discovery, channelopathy research, organellar and biologics in ion channel drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION It is our belief that APC will continue to play a critical role in ion channel drug discovery, not only in 'classical' hit screening, target validation and cardiac safety testing, but extending these applications to include high throughput organellar recordings and optogenetics. In this way, with advancements in APC capabilities and applications, together with high resolution cryo-EM structures, ion channel drug discovery will be re-invigorated, leading to a growing list of ion channel ligands in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rogers
- Albion Drug Discovery Services Ltd, Cambridge, UK
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Campàs M, Reverté J, Tudó À, Alkassar M, Diogène J, Sureda FX. Automated Patch Clamp for the Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Pufferfish Samples. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:176. [PMID: 38667793 PMCID: PMC11050952 DOI: 10.3390/md22040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a marine toxin responsible for many intoxications around the world. Its presence in some pufferfish species and, as recently reported, in shellfish, poses a serious health concern. Although TTX is not routinely monitored, there is a need for fast, sensitive, reliable, and simple methods for its detection and quantification. In this work, we describe the use of an automated patch clamp (APC) system with Neuro-2a cells for the determination of TTX contents in pufferfish samples. The cells showed an IC50 of 6.4 nM for TTX and were not affected by the presence of muscle, skin, liver, and gonad tissues of a Sphoeroides pachygaster specimen (TTX-free) when analysed at 10 mg/mL. The LOD achieved with this technique was 0.05 mg TTX equiv./kg, which is far below the Japanese regulatory limit of 2 mg TTX equiv./kg. The APC system was applied to the analysis of extracts of a Lagocephalus sceleratus specimen, showing TTX contents that followed the trend of gonads > liver > skin > muscle. The APC system, providing an in vitro toxicological approach, offers the advantages of being sensitive, rapid, and reliable for the detection of TTX-like compounds in seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Marine and Continental Waters (AMiC) Programme, Ctra. Poble Nou del Delta, km. 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (J.R.); (M.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Jaume Reverté
- IRTA, Marine and Continental Waters (AMiC) Programme, Ctra. Poble Nou del Delta, km. 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (J.R.); (M.A.); (J.D.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain;
| | - Àngels Tudó
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain;
| | - Mounira Alkassar
- IRTA, Marine and Continental Waters (AMiC) Programme, Ctra. Poble Nou del Delta, km. 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (J.R.); (M.A.); (J.D.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain;
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Marine and Continental Waters (AMiC) Programme, Ctra. Poble Nou del Delta, km. 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (J.R.); (M.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Francesc X. Sureda
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain;
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Minns LA, Sausman KT, Brown AP, York RA, McCall JR. Karenia brevis Extract Induces Cellular Entry through Distinct Mechanisms in Phagocytic RAW 264.7 Macrophages versus Non-Phagocytic Vero Cells. Mar Drugs 2023; 22:4. [PMID: 38276642 PMCID: PMC10820030 DOI: 10.3390/md22010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine algae extracts are an important area of potential drug discovery; however, nearly all studies to date have used non-fluorescent-based methods to determine changes in target cell activity. Many of the most robust immunological and cellular analyses rely on fluorescent probes and readouts, which can be problematic when the algae extract is fluorescent itself. In this study, we identified the fluorescent spectrum of an isolated extract from the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, which included two fluorescing components: chlorophyll α and pheophytin α. When excited at 405 nm and 664 nm, the extract emitted fluorescence at 676 nm and 696 nm, respectively. The extract and its fluorescing components, chlorophyll α and pheophytin α, entered phagocytic RAW 264.7 macrophages and non-phagocytic Vero kidney cells through distinct mechanisms. When incubated with the extract and its main components, both the RAW 264.7 macrophages and the Vero cells accumulated fluorescence as early as 30 min and continued through 48 h. Vero kidney cells accumulated the K. brevis fluorescent extract through a dynamin-independent and acidified endosomal-dependent mechanism. RAW 264.7 macrophages accumulated fluorescent extract through a dynamin-independent, acidified endosomal-independent mechanism, which supports accumulation through phagocytosis. Furthermore, RAW 264.7 macrophages downregulated cell-surface expression of CD206 in response to extract stimulation indicating activation of phagocytic responses and potential immunosuppression of these immune cells. This study represents the first characterization of the cellular update of K. brevis extracts in phagocytic versus non-phagocytic cells. The data suggest the importance of understanding cellular uptake of fluorescing algae extracts and their mechanism of action for future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A. Minns
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA; (L.A.M.)
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Kathryn T. Sausman
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA; (L.A.M.)
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Ariel P. Brown
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA; (L.A.M.)
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Robert A. York
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
- Algal Resources Collection, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Jennifer R. McCall
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA; (L.A.M.)
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
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Barbe P, Molgó J, Thai R, Urman A, Servent D, Arnich N, Keck M. Acute Effects of Brevetoxin-3 Administered via Oral Gavage to Mice. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:644. [PMID: 38132965 PMCID: PMC10744354 DOI: 10.3390/md21120644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Brevetoxins (BTXs) constitute a family of lipid-soluble toxic cyclic polyethers mainly produced by Karenia brevis, which is the main vector for a foodborne syndrome known as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) in humans. To prevent health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated shellfish in France, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) recommended assessing the effects of BTXs via an acute oral toxicity study in rodents. Here, we investigated the effect of a single oral administration in both male and female mice with several doses of BTX-3 (100 to 1,500 µg kg-1 bw) during a 48 h observation period in order to provide toxicity data to be used as a starting point for establishing an acute oral reference dose (ARfD). We monitored biological parameters and observed symptomatology, revealing different effects of this toxin depending on the sex. Females were more sensitive than males to the impact of BTX-3 at the lowest doses on weight loss. For both males and females, BTX-3 induced a rapid, transient and dose-dependent decrease in body temperature, and a transient dose-dependent reduced muscle activity. Males were more sensitive to BTX-3 than females with more frequent observations of failures in the grip test, convulsive jaw movements, and tremors. BTX-3's impacts on symptomatology were rapid, appearing during the 2 h after administration, and were transient, disappearing 24 h after administration. The highest dose of BTX-3 administered in this study, 1,500 µg kg-1 bw, was more toxic to males, leading to the euthanasia of three out of five males only 4 h after administration. BTX-3 had no effect on water intake, and affected neither the plasma chemistry parameters nor the organs' weight. We identified potential points of departure that could be used to establish an ARfD (decrease in body weight, body temperature, and muscle activity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Barbe
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (P.B.); (J.M.); (R.T.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
| | - Jordi Molgó
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (P.B.); (J.M.); (R.T.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
| | - Robert Thai
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (P.B.); (J.M.); (R.T.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
| | - Apolline Urman
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (P.B.); (J.M.); (R.T.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
| | - Denis Servent
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (P.B.); (J.M.); (R.T.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
| | - Nathalie Arnich
- Risk Assessment Directorate, ANSES—French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Mathilde Keck
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (P.B.); (J.M.); (R.T.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
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Costas C, Louzao MC, Raposo-García S, Vale C, Graña A, Carrera C, Cifuentes JM, Vilariño N, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Acute toxicology report of the emerging marine biotoxin Brevetoxin 3 in mice: Food safety implications. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114178. [PMID: 37944783 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Brevetoxins (PbTxs) are emerging marine toxins that can lead to Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning in humans by the ingestion of contaminated seafood. Recent reports on brevetoxin detection in shellfish in regions where it has not been described before, arise the need of updated guidelines to ensure seafood consumers safety. Our aim was to provide toxicological data for brevetoxin 3 (PbTx3) by assessing oral toxicity in mice and comparing it with intraperitoneal administration. We followed an Up-and-Down procedure administering PbTx3 to mice and registering clinical signs, neuromuscular function, histopathology, and blood changes. Neuromuscular dysfunction like seizures and ataxia, as well as loss of limb strength were observed at 6 h. Performance and clinical signs largely improved at 24 h, time at which no blood biochemical or histological alterations were detected independently of the administration route. However, PbTx3 oral administration results in lower toxicity than intraperitoneal administration. Mortality was only observed at 4000 μg/kg bw PbTx3 administered via oral, but we still found toxicity clinical signs at low toxin doses. We could stablish an oral Lowest-Observable-Adverse-Effect-Level for PbTx3 of 100 μg/kg bw and an oral No-Observable-Adverse-Effect-Level of 10 μg/kg bw in mice. The data here reported should be considered in the evaluation of risks of PbTxs for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Costas
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Sandra Raposo-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Almudena Graña
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Cifuentes
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Lucas FLR, Finol-Urdaneta RK, Van Thillo T, McArthur JR, van der Heide NJ, Maglia G, Dedecker P, Strauss O, Wloka C. Evidence of Cytolysin A nanopore incorporation in mammalian cells assessed by a graphical user interface. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16914-16923. [PMID: 37853831 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01977b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Technologies capable of assessing cellular metabolites with high precision and temporal resolution are currently limited. Recent developments in the field of nanopore sensors allow the non-stochastic quantification of metabolites, where a nanopore is acting as an electrical transducer for selective substrate binding proteins (SBPs). Here we show that incorporation of the pore-forming toxin Cytolysin A (ClyA) into the plasma membrane of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) results in the appearance of single-channel conductance amenable to multiplexed automated patch-clamp (APC) electrophysiology. In CHO-K1 cells, SBPs modify the ionic current flowing though ClyA nanopores, thus demonstrating its potential for metabolite sensing of living cells. Moreover, we developed a graphical user interface for the analysis of the complex signals resulting from multiplexed APC recordings. This system lays the foundation to bridge the gap between recent advances in the nanopore field (e.g., proteomic and transcriptomic) and potential cellular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocio K Finol-Urdaneta
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
- Electrophysiology Facility for Cell Phenotyping and Drug Discovery, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Toon Van Thillo
- Lab for Nanobiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jeffrey R McArthur
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nieck Jordy van der Heide
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Maglia
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Dedecker
- Lab for Nanobiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Olaf Strauss
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Humboldt-University, The Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carsten Wloka
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Humboldt-University, The Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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