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Zhu J, Li J, Wu J, Liu X, Lin Y, Deng H, Qin X, Wong MH, Chan LL. The Prevalence of Marine Lipophilic Phycotoxins Causes Potential Risks in a Tropical Small Island Developing State. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9815-9827. [PMID: 38768015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Tropical small island developing states (SIDS), with their geographical isolation and limited resources, heavily rely on the fisheries industry for food and revenue. The presence of marine lipophilic phycotoxins (MLPs) poses risks to their economy and human health. To understand the contamination status and potential risks, the Republic of Kiribati was selected as the representative tropical SIDS and 55 species of 256 coral reef fish encompassing multiple trophic levels and feeding strategies were collected to analyze 17 typical MLPs. Our results showed that the potential risks of ciguatoxins were the highest and approximately 62% of fish species may pose risks for consumers. Biomagnification of ciguatoxins was observed in the food web with a trophic magnification factor of 2.90. Brevetoxin-3, okadaic acid, and dinophysistoxin-1 and -2 were first reported, but the risks posed by okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins were found to be negligible. The correlation analysis revealed that fish body size and trophic position are unreliable metrics to indicate the associated risks and prevent the consumption of contaminated fish. The potential risks of MLPs in Kiribati are of concern, and our findings can serve as valuable inputs for developing food safety policies and fisheries management strategies specific to tropical SIDS contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Transportation and Environment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiaowan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuchen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hongzhen Deng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education, and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Leo Lai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Likumahua S, de Boer MK, Krock B, Tatipatta WM, Abdul MS, Buma AGJ. Co-occurrence of pectenotoxins and Dinophysis miles in an Indonesian semi-enclosed bay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114340. [PMID: 36410193 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to unravel the variability of Dinophysis spp. and their alleged toxins in conjunction with environmental drivers in Ambon Bay. Phytoplankton samples, lipophilic toxins and physiochemical water properties were analysed during a 1.5-year period. Three Dinophysis species (D. miles, D. caudata, and D. acuminata) were found in plankton samples, of which D. miles was the most abundant and persistently occurring species. Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and its secoacid (PTX2sa) were detected throughout, and PTX2sa levels strongly correlated with D. miles cell abundance. The toxin showed a positive correlation with temperature, which may suggest that D. miles cells contain rather constant PTX2sa during warmer months. Dissolved nitrate concentrations were found to play a major role in regulating cell abundances and toxin levels. This study adds adequate information regarding marine biotoxins and potentially toxic species for future Harmful Algal Bloom management in Ambon and Indonesia at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Likumahua
- Center for Isotope Research-CIO Oceans, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Deep Sea Research, The National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru, Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Aquatic Ecosystem of Eastern Indonesia, Pattimura University, Jl. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia.
| | - M Karin de Boer
- Center for Isotope Research-CIO Oceans, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Beta Science Shop, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 6, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Willem M Tatipatta
- Centre for Deep Sea Research, The National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru, Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia
| | - Malik S Abdul
- Centre for Deep Sea Research, The National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru, Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia
| | - Anita G J Buma
- Center for Isotope Research-CIO Oceans, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
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Liang Y, Li A, Chen J, Tan Z, Tong M, Liu Z, Qiu J, Yu R. Progress on the investigation and monitoring of marine phycotoxins in China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 111:102152. [PMID: 35016765 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine phycotoxins associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), tetrodotoxin (TTX), palytoxin (PLTX) and neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) have been investigated and routinely monitored along the coast of China. The mouse bioassay for monitoring of marine toxins has been progressively replaced by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which led to the discovery of many new hydrophilic and lipophilic marine toxins. PSP toxins have been detected in the whole of coastal waters of China, where they are the most serious marine toxins. PSP events in the Northern Yellow Sea, the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea are a cause of severe public health concern. Okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), which are major toxin components associated with DSP, were mainly found in coastal waters of Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, and other lipophilic toxins, such as pectenotoxins, yessotoxins, azaspiracids, cyclic imines, and dinophysistoxin-2(DTX2) were detected in bivalves, seawater, sediment, as well as phytoplankton. CFP events mainly occurred in the South China Sea, while TTX events mainly occurred in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. Microalgae that produce PLTX and BMAA were found in the phytoplankton community along the coastal waters of China.
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Key Words
- AZAs, azaspiracids
- Abbreviations: ASP, amnesic shellfish poisoning
- Animal seafood
- BMAA, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine
- CFP, ciguatera fish poisoning
- CIs, cyclic imines
- CTXs, ciguatoxins
- Coastal waters of China
- DA, domoic acid
- DSP, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning
- DTX1, dinophysistoxin-1
- DTX2, dinophysistoxin-2
- DTXs, dinophysistoxins
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FJ, Fujian
- GD, Guangdong
- GX, Guangxi
- GYM, gymnodimine
- HB, Hebei
- HN, Hainan
- HPLC-FLD, high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
- JS, Jiangsu
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
- LMTs, lipophilic marine toxins
- LN, Liaoning
- LOD, limit of detection
- LOQ, limit of quantitation
- MBA, mouse bioassay
- Marine phycotoxins
- NSP, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
- OA, okadaic acid
- PLTXs, palytoxins
- PSP, paralytic shellfish poisoning
- PTX2, pectenotoxin-2
- PbTXs, brevetoxins
- SD, Shandong
- SPATT, solid phase adsorbent toxin tracking
- SPE, solid phase extraction
- SPX1, 13-desmethyl spirolide C
- STXs, saxitoxins
- TTXs, tetrodotoxins
- Toxin analysis
- YTXs, yessotoxins
- ZJ, Zhejiang
- hYTX, 1-homoyessotoxin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Liang
- Dalian Phycotoxins Key laboratory, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Dalian Phycotoxins Key laboratory, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Rencheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Zheng R, Lin S, Yang Y, Fu W. Variability and profiles of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish from southeastern China in 2017-2020. Toxicon 2021; 201:37-45. [PMID: 34416253 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1338 samples were analyzed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to study the toxin profiles of lipophilic marine toxins in bivalve mollusks collected from the southeast coast of China from 2017 to 2020. The most abundant toxin was HomoYTX, followed progressively by YTX and PTX2. Low proportions of OA, DTX-1, and DTX-2 were found. No AZA1, AZA2, and AZA3 were quantified above limit of quantitation (LOQ). The highest concentrations of HomoYTX, YTX, PTX2, OA, DTX-1, and DTX-2 were 429, 98.0, 40.3, 33.0, 22.6, and 26.5 μg/kg, respectively. Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Perna viridis), scallop (Chlamys farreri) and clam (Atrina pectinate) accumulated higher toxin levels than clams (Sinonovaculla Constricta, Ruditapes philippinarum), oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and scallop (Arca granosa). Homo YTX and PTX2 levels reached the maximum in July and June, respectively, and the OA-group peaked in August. The results provide a reliable basis for monitoring marine toxins and protecting the health of aquatic consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjin Zheng
- Physical and Chemical Analysis Department, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
| | - Shouer Lin
- Physical and Chemical Analysis Department, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Physical and Chemical Analysis Department, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Wusheng Fu
- Physical and Chemical Analysis Department, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
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Abstract
AbstractIn order to set a base line for the observation of planktonic community changes due to global change, protistan plankton sampling in combination with phycotoxin measurements and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was performed in two bays of King George Island (KGI) in January 2013 and 2014. In addition, SPATT sampling was performed in Potter Cove during a one-year period from January 2014 until January 2015. Known toxigenic taxa were not firmly identified in plankton samples but there was microscopical evidence for background level presence of Dinophysis spp. in the area. This was consistent with environmental conditions during the sampling periods, especially strong mixing of the water column and low water temperatures that do not favor dinoflagellate proliferations. Due to the lack of significant abundance of thecate toxigenic dinoflagellate species in microplankton samples, no phycotoxins were found in net tow samples. In contrast, SPATT sampling revealed the presence of dissolved pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and its hydrolyzed form PTX-2 seco acid in both bays and during the entire one-year sampling period. The presence of dissolved PTX in coastal waters of KGI is strong new evidence for the presence of PTX-producing species, i.e., dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis in the area. The presence of phycotoxins and their respective producers, even at the low background concentrations found in this study, may be the seed of possible proliferations of these species under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, phycotoxins can be used as chemotaxonomic markers for a very specific group of plankton thus allowing to track the presence of this group over time.
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Wu D, Chen J, He X, Wang J, Wang Z, Li X, Wang B. Distribution, partitioning, and seasonal variation of lipophilic marine algal toxins in aquatic environments of a typical semi-closed mariculture bay. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113299. [PMID: 31585405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) pose a potential threat to the health of marine shellfish consumers and marine breeding industries. In this study, LMATs in dissolved phases (DP) and particulate phases (PP) in the seawater of Jiaozhou Bay were accurately determined over four seasons to understand their composition, level, phase partitioning, spatiotemporal variation, and potential sources in aquatic environments of a typical semi-closed mariculture bay. Various LMATs, such as okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), gymnodimine (GYM), 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), pectenotoxin-2 seco acid (PTX2 SA), and pectenotoxin-11 (PTX11), were detected in DP and PP; of these, OA and PTX2 were the dominant LMATs in DP and PP, respectively. The average proportion of ΣLMATs in DP (97.5%) was significantly higher than that in PP (2.5%), which indicates that LMATs are predominantly partitioned into DP. The total concentrations of LMATs in DP ranged from 4.16 ng/L to 23.19 ng/L (mean, 13.35 ng/L) over four seasons. The highest levels of LMATs in DP and PP were found in summer (mean, 16.71 ng/L) and spring, respectively, while the maximum variety of LMATs was found in autumn. This result suggests that seasonal changes could influence the composition, concentration, and phase partitioning of LMATs in aquatic environments of a coastal semi-closed mariculture bay. ΣLMAT concentrations were higher in the western region than in the eastern region of the bay, where shellfish may have a greater risk of exposure. Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis fortii, and Prorocentrum minimum were the potential sources of LMATs in the aquaculture seawater. Overall, various LMATs occurred in the semi-closed mariculture bay, and the persistence and bioavailability of these toxins in aquaculture seawater should be determined in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Wu
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xiuping He
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jiuming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
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Effect of Suspended Particulate Matter on the Accumulation of Dissolved Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins by Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) under Laboratory Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070273. [PMID: 29970810 PMCID: PMC6071173 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, detection of trace amounts of dissolved lipophilic phycotoxins in coastal waters has been possible using solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) samplers. To explore the contribution of dissolved diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST) to the accumulation of toxins by cultivated bivalves, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to different concentrations of purified okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) in filtered (0.45 µm) seawater for 96 h. Accumulation and esterification of DST by mussels under different experimental conditions, including with and without the addition of the food microalga Isochrysis galbana, and with the addition of different size-fractions of suspended particulate matter (SPM) (<75 µm, 75–150 µm, 150–250 µm) were compared. Results showed that mussels accumulated similar amounts of OA and DTX1 from seawater with or without food microalgae present, and slightly lower amounts when SPM particles were added. Mussels preferentially accumulated OA over DTX1 in all treatments. The efficiency of the mussel’s accumulation of OA and DTX1 from seawater spiked with low concentrations of toxins was higher than that in seawater with high toxin levels. A large proportion of OA (86–94%) and DTX1 (65–82%) was esterified to DTX3 by mussels in all treatments. The proportion of I. galbana cells cleared by mussels was markedly inhibited by dissolved OA and DTX1 (OA 9.2 µg L−1, DTX1 13.2 µg L−1) in seawater. Distribution of total OA and DTX1 accumulated in the mussel tissues ranked in all treatments as follows: digestive gland > gills > mantle > residual tissues. However, the percentage of total DST in the digestive gland of mussels in filtered seawater (67%) was higher than with the addition of SPM particles (75–150 µm) (51%), whereas the gills showed the opposite trend in filtered seawater with (27%) and without (14.4%) SPM particles. Results presented here will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of DST accumulation by bivalves in marine aquaculture environments.
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Roué M, Darius HT, Chinain M. Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) Technology for the Monitoring of Aquatic Toxins: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040167. [PMID: 29677131 PMCID: PMC5923333 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) technology, first introduced in 2004, uses porous synthetic resins capable of passively adsorbing toxins produced by harmful microalgae or cyanobacteria and dissolved in the water. This method allows for the detection of toxic compounds directly in the water column and offers numerous advantages over current monitoring techniques (e.g., shellfish or fish testing and microalgae/cyanobacteria cell detection), despite some limitations. Numerous laboratory and field studies, testing different adsorbent substrates of which Diaion® HP20 resin appears to be the most versatile substrate, have been carried out worldwide to assess the applicability of these passive monitoring devices to the detection of toxins produced by a variety of marine and freshwater microorganisms. SPATT technology has been shown to provide reliable, sensitive and time-integrated sampling of various aquatic toxins, and also has the potential to provide an early warning system for both the occurrence of toxic microalgae or cyanobacteria and bioaccumulation of toxins in foodstuffs. This review describes the wide range of lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins associated with toxin-producing harmful algal blooms (HABs) that are successfully detected by SPATT devices. Implications in terms of monitoring of emerging toxic risks and reinforcement of current risk assessment programs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 241 EIO, P.O. box 53267, 98716 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), UMR 241 EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), UMR 241 EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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Chen J, Han T, Li X, He X, Wang Y, Chen F, Song X, Zhou D, Wang X. Occurrence and distribution of marine natural organic pollutants: Lipophilic marine algal toxins in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:931-939. [PMID: 28886545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the composition, concentration and distribution characteristics of typical lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) are investigated in surface seawater, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments from the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, China. Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and okadaic acid (OA) were detected in offshore surface seawater samples (n=67) of the Yellow and Bohai Seas, and PTX2 was found in higher concentrations than OA. The concentrations of PTX2 were between 0.49 and 14.14ng/L. OA, dinophysistoxin-1(DTX1), PTX2 and gymnodimine (GYM) were detected in the nearshore surface seawater samples (n=20) of the Haizhou Bay of the Yellow Sea. OA concentrations were between 11.47 and 55.85ng/L. There was a large degree of variation in the concentrations of DTX1, from <limit of quantification (LOQ) up to 143.14ng/L. The nearshore surface seawater samples (n=13) obtained from the Longdao area of the Bohai Sea mainly contain OA (5.00-24.14ng/L) and DTX1 (1.52-49.39ng/L), with PTX2 concentrations being less than the LOQ. Several LMATs were also detected both in the SPM and sediment samples of each study area. In summary, the LMAT composition and concentration levels in the surface seawater found in nearshore samples were substantially different from those of samples from the distant shore, which indicated the obvious regional characteristics of LMATs according to their spatial distribution in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Chen
- Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China; Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Tongzhu Han
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiuping He
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yanlong Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Farong Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xincheng Song
- Aquatic Product Quality Inspection Center of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222001, China
| | - Deshan Zhou
- Aquatic Product Quality Inspection Center of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222001, China
| | - Xiaoru Wang
- Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China; Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
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Roué M, Darius HT, Viallon J, Ung A, Gatti C, Harwood DT, Chinain M. Application of solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) devices for the field detection of Gambierdiscus toxins. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 71:40-49. [PMID: 29306395 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a food-borne illness caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the Gambierdiscus genus. Since most surveillance programs currently rely on the survey of Gambierdiscus cell densities and species composition, supplementary toxin-based methods allowing the time- and spatially integrated sampling of toxins in ciguateric environments are needed for a more reliable assessment and management of the risks associated with Gambierdiscus proliferation. Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) filters use porous synthetic resins capable of adsorbing toxins directly from the water column. To assess the ability of these passive monitoring devices to retain Gambierdiscus toxins, SPATT bags filled with 10g of HP20 resin were deployed for 48h in two French Polynesian locations at high (Nuku Hiva Island) vs. low to moderate (Kaukura Atoll) risk of ciguatera. CTXs could be detected in SPATT bags extracts from Nuku Hiva Island, as assessed by the mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) and liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. Results of in vitro experiments suggest that the saturation limit of CTXs on HP20 resin, for a deployment time of 48h, is ≃ 55ng P-CTX-3C equiv. g-1 resin. Despite the non detection of maitotoxin (MTX), LC-MS/MS analyses showed that two other compounds also produced by Gambierdiscus species were retained on SPATT bags, i.e. iso-P-CTX-3B/C and a putative MTX analogue, known as MTX-3. This study, the first to demonstrate the suitability of SPATT technology for the in situ monitoring of Gambierdiscus toxins, highlights the potential application of this tool for routine ciguatera risk assessment and management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 5 29, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Clémence Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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Liu Y, Yu RC, Kong FZ, Li C, Dai L, Chen ZF, Zhou MJ. Lipophilic marine toxins discovered in the Bohai Sea using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:380-388. [PMID: 28554022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some dinoflagellates can produce lipophilic marine toxins, which pose potent threats to seafood consumers. In the Bohai Sea, an important semi-closed inland sea with intensive mariculture industry in China, there is little knowledge concerning lipophilic marine toxins and their potential threats. In this study, net-concentrated phytoplankton samples were periodically collected from 5 typical mariculture zones around the Bohai Sea, including Laishan (LS), Laizhou (LZ), Hangu (HG), Qinhuangdao (QHD) and Huludao (HLD) in 2013 and 2014, and a method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a Q-Trap mass spectrometer was applied to analyze seven representative lipophilic marine toxins, including okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin (YTX), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), gymnodimine (GYM), and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (desMeC). The method had high sensitivity and repeatability, and exhibited satisfactory recoveries for most of the lipophilic marine toxins (92.1-108%) except for AZA1 (65.8-68.9%). Nearly all the lipophilic marine toxins could be detected in phytoplankton samples from the Bohai Sea. OA, DTX1 and PTX2 were predominant components and present in most of the phytoplankton samples. The maximum content of lipophilic marine toxin in phytoplankton samples concentrated from seawater (OA 464 pg L-1; DTX1 783 pg L-1; YTX 86.6 pg L-1; desMeC 15.6 pg L-1; PTX2 1.11 × 103 pg L-1) appeared in June 2014. Based on toxins present in phytoplankton samples, it is implied that seafood in the Bohai Sea is more likely to be contaminated by OA group and PTX group toxins, and spring is the high-risk season for toxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Fan-Zhou Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Li Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Zhen-Fan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Ming-Jiang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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12
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Occurrence and variation of lipophilic shellfish toxins in phytoplankton, shellfish and seawater samples from the aquaculture zone in the Yellow Sea, China. Toxicon 2017; 127:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Chen J, Li X, Wang S, Chen F, Cao W, Sun C, Zheng L, Wang X. Screening of lipophilic marine toxins in marine aquaculture environment using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:32-40. [PMID: 27776236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an exact mass suspect screening approach to perform finding of multiple lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in seawater, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and marine sediment from marine aquaculture area using liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS). The method was validated and proven to be reliable for the screening of various LMTs. Then, the method was applied to screen LMTs in marine environmental samples collected from mariculture area of Jiaozhou Bay, China. Okadaic acid (OA), pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2), etc were detected and tentatively identified. Positive detection results were confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and contents of OA and PTX2 in seawater, SPM and marine sediment were also quantified. The mean concentration of OA ranged from 2.71 to 14.06 ng L-1 in seawater and from 0.78 to 3.34 ng g-1 dry weight in marine sediment. The mean concentration of PTX2 ranged from 0.86 to 7.90 ng L-1 in seawater, from 1.56 to 10.67 ng in SPM obtained from 1 L seawater sample and from 0.95 to 2.23 ng g-1 dry weight in marine sediment. The above results suggested that the proposed method was convenient and reliable for the screening of LMTs in different marine environmental samples. In addition, typical LMTs exist in different marine environmental media of the mariculture area of Jiaozhou Bay, China. Follow-up studies should focus on improving current understanding on the environmental behavior of these LMTs in the marine aquaculture environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Farong Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoru Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
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Passive Sampling for Freshwater and Marine Algal Toxins. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Li FL, Li ZX, Guo MM, Wu HY, Zhang TT, Song CH. Investigation of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in Lingshan Bay, Yellow Sea, China, using solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1367-73. [PMID: 27295385 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of toxin contamination in shellfish (i.e., prior to harvest) would be of considerable advantage to fish farmers, researchers and food safety administrators. In 2004, a solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) technique was developed to study algal toxins in New Zealand shellfish harvesting areas. In subsequent years, the basic idea have been further developed. Using a SPATT method, an investigation into diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) was conducted over a 10.5-month period in 2012 in shellfish farming areas in Lingshan Bay (Yellow Sea, China). This paper discusses the relationship among DSTs in toxic algae, seawater and contaminated shellfish. OA, DTX1 and PTX2 toxins were found in this shellfish farming area from summer to autumn. In shellfish the maximum concentrations of OA and DTX1 were 81 and 41 ng g(-1) respectively. PTX2 was very low. The maximum levels of OA and DTX1 in seawater were 165 and 56 ng g(-1) respectively, and were detected on June, separated by a 14-day period. Shellfish had accumulated the highest levels of OA and DTX1 recorded in this study. Comparison of the variations in DST levels in seawater showed there to be about 2 weeks for administrators to warn of the potential for toxin contamination in shellfish. Further research to explore the relationship between the variables of seawater temperature, sunlight and salinity, and DSTs in shellfish may help to establish a more suitable model for forecasting DST contamination in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ling Li
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Zhao-Xin Li
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Meng-Meng Guo
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Hai-Yan Wu
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b College of Food Science and Technology , Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai , China
| | - Cai-Hu Song
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b College of Food Science and Technology , Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai , China
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16
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WANG YL, CHEN JH, GAO LY, WANG S, ZHENG XL, SUN CJ, WANG XR. Determination of Eight Typical Lipophilic Algae Toxins in Particles Suspended in Seawater by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(16)60911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Wang Y, Chen J, Li Z, Wang S, Shi Q, Cao W, Zheng X, Sun C, Wang X, Zheng L. Determination of typical lipophilic marine toxins in marine sediments from three coastal bays of China using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after accelerated solvent extraction. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:954-960. [PMID: 26507511 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A method based on sample preparation by accelerated solvent extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was validated and used for determination of seven typical lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in marine sediment samples collected from three typical coastal bays in China. Satisfactory specificity, reproducibility (RSDs ≤ 14.76%), stability (RSDs ≤ 17.37%), recovery (78.0%-109.0%), and detection limit (3.440 pg/g-61.85 pg/g) of the developed method were achieved. The results obtained from the analysis of samples from Hangzhou Bay revealed okadaic acid as the predominant LMT with concentrations ranging from 186.0 to 280.7 pg/g. Pecenotoxin-2 was quantified in sediment samples from Laizhou Bay at the concentrations from 256.4 to 944.9 pg/g. These results suggested that the proposed method was reliable for determining the typical LMTs in marine sediments and that the sediments obtained from Hangzhou Bay, Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay were all contaminated by certain amounts of LMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Qian Shi
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiaoling Zheng
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiaoru Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
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Wu H, Yao J, Guo M, Tan Z, Zhou D, Zhai Y. Distribution of Marine Lipophilic Toxins in Shellfish Products Collected from the Chinese Market. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4281-95. [PMID: 26184236 PMCID: PMC4515617 DOI: 10.3390/md13074281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the prevalence of lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish from the Chinese market, we used hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to measure levels of okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid (AZA1), pectenotoxin (PTX2), gymnodimine (GYM), and spirolide (SPX1). We collected and analyzed 291 shellfish samples from main production sites along a wide latitudinal transect along the Chinese coastline from December 2008 to December 2009. Results revealed a patchy distribution of the five toxins and highlighted the specific geographical distribution and seasonal and species variation of the putative toxigenic organisms. All five lipophilic marine biotoxins were found in shellfish samples. The highest concentrations of OA, AZA1, PTX2, GYM, and SPX1 were 37.3, 5.90, 16.4, 14.4, and 8.97 μg/kg, respectively. These values were much lower than the legislation limits for lipophilic shellfish toxins. However, the value might be significantly underestimated for the limited detection toxins. Also, these toxins were found in most coastal areas of China and were present in almost all seasons of the year. Thus, these five toxins represent a potential threat to human health. Consequently, studies should be conducted and measures should be taken to ensure the safety of the harvested product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Carbon-sink Fisheries Laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China.
- National Center for Quality Supervision and Test of Aquatic Products, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Carbon-sink Fisheries Laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China.
- National Center for Quality Supervision and Test of Aquatic Products, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Carbon-sink Fisheries Laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China.
- National Center for Quality Supervision and Test of Aquatic Products, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Carbon-sink Fisheries Laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China.
- National Center for Quality Supervision and Test of Aquatic Products, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Deqing Zhou
- Carbon-sink Fisheries Laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- Carbon-sink Fisheries Laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China.
- National Center for Quality Supervision and Test of Aquatic Products, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Li X, Li Z, Chen J, Shi Q, Zhang R, Wang S, Wang X. Detection, occurrence and monthly variations of typical lipophilic marine toxins associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in the coastal seawater of Qingdao City, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:560-567. [PMID: 24997966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, related research has mainly examined lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in contaminated bivalves or toxic algae, whereas the levels of LMTs in seawater remain largely unexplored. Okadaic acid (OA), yessotoxin (YTX), and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) are three typical LMTs produced by certain marine algae that are closely linked to diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. In this study, a new method of solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry was developed to determine the presence of OA, YTX, and PTX2 in seawater simultaneously. Satisfactory sensitivity, repeatability (RSD<25.00%) and recovery (56.25-70.18%) of the method were achieved. Then, the method was applied to determine the amounts of the three toxins in the coastal seawater. OA and PTX2 were detected in all the seawater samples collected from eight locations along the coastline of Qingdao City, China on October 23, 2012, with concentration ranges of OA 4.24-9.64ngL(-1) and PTX2 0.42-0.74ngL(-1). Monthly concentrations of OA and PTX2 in the seawater of four locations were determined over the course of a year, with concentration ranges of OA 1.41-89.52ngL(-1) and PTX2 below detectable limit to 1.70ngL(-1). The peak values of OA and PTX2 in coastal seawater were observed in August and July, respectively. Our results suggest that follow-up research on the fate modeling and risk assessment of LMTs in coastal seawater should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Qian Shi
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Rutan Zhang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaoru Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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20
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Zamorano R, Marín M, Cabrera F, Figueroa D, Contreras C, Barriga A, Lagos N, García C. Determination of the variability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic toxins in endemic wild bivalves and carnivorous gastropods from the Southern part of Chile. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1660-77. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.805438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Li A, Ma J, Cao J, McCarron P. Toxins in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning episodes in China. Toxicon 2012; 60:420-5. [PMID: 22543186 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
More than 200 people in China suffered illness with symptoms of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) following consumption of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The event occurred in the cities of Ningbo and Ningde near the East China Sea in May, 2011. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that high concentrations of okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, and their acyl esters were responsible for the incidents. The total concentration was more than 40 times the EU regulatory limit of 160 μg OA eq./kg. Pectentoxin-2 and its seco-acids were also present in the mussels. Additionally, yessotoxins were found to be responsible for positive mouse bioassay results on scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and oyster (Crassostrea talienwhanensis) samples collected from the North Yellow Sea in June, 2010. This work shows that high levels of lipophilic toxins can accumulate in shellfish from the Chinese coast and it emphasises that adequate chemical analytical methodologies are needed for monitoring purposes. Further research is required to broaden the knowledge on the occurrence of lipophilic toxins in Chinese shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
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22
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Garcia C, Rodriguez-Unda N, Contreras C, Barriga A, Lagos N. Lipophilic toxin profiles detected in farmed and benthic mussels populations from the most relevant production zones in Southern Chile. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1011-20. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.662704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garcia
- a Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana , Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Nelson Rodriguez-Unda
- a Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana , Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Cristóbal Contreras
- a Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana , Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Andrés Barriga
- b CEPEDEQ , Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmaceúticas, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Néstor Lagos
- a Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana , Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Paredes I, Rietjens I, Vieites J, Cabado A. Update of risk assessments of main marine biotoxins in the European Union. Toxicon 2011; 58:336-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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