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Motoyama Y, Sasaki H, Nakajima T, Hayami H, Matsuoka R, Fukutome K, Tei R, Shin Y, Aketa S. Eagle jugular syndrome accompanied by de novo brainstem cavernous malformation: a case-based systematic review. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2024; 166:20. [PMID: 38231302 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-024-05900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eagle jugular syndrome (EJS), recently identified as a cause of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) due to venous obstruction by an elongated styloid process (SP), is reported here alongside a case of concurrent de novo cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM). This study aims to explore the potential causal relationship between EJS and de novo CCM through a comprehensive literature review. METHOD Systematic literature reviews, spanning from 1995 to 2023, focused on EJS cases with definitive signs and symptoms and de novo CCM cases with detailed clinical characteristics. Data on the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of EJS, as well as potential risk factors preceding de novo CCM, were collected to assess the relationship between the two conditions. RESULT Among 14 patients from 11 articles on EJS, the most common presentation was increased intracranial hypertension (IIH), observed in 10 patients (71.4%), followed by dural sinus thrombosis in four patients (28.6%). In contrast, 30 patients from 28 articles were identified with de novo CCM, involving 37 lesions. In these cases, 13 patients developed CCM subsequent to developmental venous anomalies (43%), seven following dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) (23%), and two after sinus thrombosis (6%). In a specific case of de novo brainstem CCM, the development of an enlarged condylar emissary vein, indicative of venous congestion due to IJV compression by the elongated SP, was noted before the emergence of CCM. CONCLUSION This study underscores that venous congestion, a primary result of symptomatic EJS, might lead to the development of de novo CCM. Thus, EJS could potentially be an indicator of CCM development. Further epidemiological and pathophysiological investigations focusing on venous circulation are necessary to clarify the causal relationship between EJS and CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Motoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Police Hospital, 10-31 Kitayama-Cho, Tennoji-Ku, Osaka City, 543-0035, Japan.
| | - Hiromitsu Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Police Hospital, 10-31 Kitayama-Cho, Tennoji-Ku, Osaka City, 543-0035, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Nakajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Police Hospital, 10-31 Kitayama-Cho, Tennoji-Ku, Osaka City, 543-0035, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Hayami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Police Hospital, 10-31 Kitayama-Cho, Tennoji-Ku, Osaka City, 543-0035, Japan
| | - Ryuta Matsuoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Police Hospital, 10-31 Kitayama-Cho, Tennoji-Ku, Osaka City, 543-0035, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukutome
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Police Hospital, 10-31 Kitayama-Cho, Tennoji-Ku, Osaka City, 543-0035, Japan
| | - Rinsei Tei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Police Hospital, 10-31 Kitayama-Cho, Tennoji-Ku, Osaka City, 543-0035, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Police Hospital, 10-31 Kitayama-Cho, Tennoji-Ku, Osaka City, 543-0035, Japan
| | - Shuta Aketa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Police Hospital, 10-31 Kitayama-Cho, Tennoji-Ku, Osaka City, 543-0035, Japan
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Bargiel J, Gontarz M, Marecik T, Szczurowski P, Gąsiorowski K, Zapała J, Wyszyńska-Pawelec G. Minimally Invasive Cervical Styloidectomy in Stylohyoid Syndrome (Eagle Syndrome). J Clin Med 2023; 12:6763. [PMID: 37959243 PMCID: PMC10649648 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Stylohyoid syndrome, known as classical Eagle Syndrome (cES), is characterized by calcification of the stylohyoid chain with numerous nonspecific symptoms, mainly pain. This study introduces minimally invasive cervical styloidectomy (MICS). (2) Methods: MICS was performed on sixty-five patients diagnosed with classical Eagle Syndrome. Patients underwent meticulous differential diagnosis. Surgical plans were established based on the findings from neck angioCT. (3) Results: The healing process was uneventful, without significant complications. The overall success rate was 97.0%, with a follow-up of a minimum of six months. In one case, the surgery did not yield the desired improvement. In one case, a partial relapse of symptoms was observed. (4) Conclusions: MICS is a straightforward and efficient surgical treatment technique for stylohyoid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Bargiel
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Cracow, Poland; (M.G.); (T.M.); (P.S.); (K.G.); (J.Z.); (G.W.-P.)
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Farina R, Foti PV, Pennisi I, Vasile T, Clemenza M, Rosa GL, Crimi L, Catalano M, Vacirca F, Basile A. Vascular compression syndromes: a pictorial review. Ultrasonography 2022; 41:444-461. [PMID: 35644605 PMCID: PMC9262661 DOI: 10.14366/usg.21233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular compression syndromes include a group of rare vascular changes due to extrinsic compression of veins or arteries by surrounding structures. These pathologies are often underestimated due to their rarity, clinicians’ poor level of knowledge, and the non-specificity of their symptoms. The best known are Eagle syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome, nutcracker syndrome, May-Thurner syndrome, Dunbar syndrome, and popliteal entrapment syndrome. This work summarizes the main ultrasonographic characteristics, symptoms, and treatments of choice for these syndromes. Knowledge of these conditions’ characteristic signs is essential for the differential diagnosis. Failure to diagnose these rare diseases can expose patients to serious complications and risks to their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Farina
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Valerio Foti
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Isabella Pennisi
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tiziana Vasile
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mariangela Clemenza
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana La Rosa
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Crimi
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Catalano
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Vacirca
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Basile
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Gupta M, Kumar Y, Vig H, Rizvi A. Classic Eagle's Syndrome: Styloidectomy via the Transcervical Approach. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e244634. [PMID: 34380690 PMCID: PMC8359476 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Eagle's syndrome was first described by Watt Eagle in 1937, as a syndrome of vague orofacial and cervical pain. He reported two variants, classic styloid and stylocarotid artery syndrome. Eagle's syndrome is a non-perceived and underdiagnosed clinical condition of the head and neck. This anomalous entity presents with neck pain, globus sensation, difficulty in turning the head, dysphagia, odynophagia and various other symptoms occurring as a result of irritation to the nearby structures. The surgical management of Eagle's syndrome consists of two major approaches: the transoral and the transcervical approaches. We report a case of classic bilateral elongated styloid process syndrome, treated with transcervical styloidectomy for painful left elongated styloid process. This gave permanent relief to the patient. The transcervical surgical approach for resection of elongated styloid process in patients with Eagle's syndrome appears to be safe and effective, although the risk for transient marginal mandibular nerve weakness is notable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gupta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Yajas Kumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Harshita Vig
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Aliza Rizvi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Haryana, India
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Fabik J, Psutkova V, Machon O. The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches-From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7529. [PMID: 34299147 PMCID: PMC8303155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandibular and hyoid arches collectively make up the facial skeleton, also known as the viscerocranium. Although all three germ layers come together to assemble the pharyngeal arches, the majority of tissue within viscerocranial skeletal components differentiates from the neural crest. Since nearly one third of all birth defects in humans affect the craniofacial region, it is important to understand how signalling pathways and transcription factors govern the embryogenesis and skeletogenesis of the viscerocranium. This review focuses on mouse and zebrafish models of craniofacial development. We highlight gene regulatory networks directing the patterning and osteochondrogenesis of the mandibular and hyoid arches that are actually conserved among all gnathostomes. The first part of this review describes the anatomy and development of mandibular and hyoid arches in both species. The second part analyses cell signalling and transcription factors that ensure the specificity of individual structures along the anatomical axes. The third part discusses the genes and molecules that control the formation of bone and cartilage within mandibular and hyoid arches and how dysregulation of molecular signalling influences the development of skeletal components of the viscerocranium. In conclusion, we notice that mandibular malformations in humans and mice often co-occur with hyoid malformations and pinpoint the similar molecular machinery controlling the development of mandibular and hyoid arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fabik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktorie Psutkova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
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Kachlík D, Varga I, Báča V, Musil V. Variant Anatomy and Its Terminology. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:medicina56120713. [PMID: 33353179 PMCID: PMC7766054 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56120713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Variant anatomy, which is an integral part of anatomical science, is related to abnormalities in the human body structure. Our understanding of variant anatomy is based on thousand years of anatomical experience. These abnormalities generally do not interfere with the function of the human body and do not typically manifest as pathological nosological units. However, under certain conditions, these abnormalities can worsen existing pathological states or even evoke new ones. Understanding variant anatomy is a basic skill not only of mere anatomists, but also of clinicians who work in fields involving both diagnostic techniques and therapeutic interventions. To gain and retain a good knowledge of the most frequent and clinically relevant anatomical variations, a simple, clear, and exactly defined nomenclature of variant structures is needed. A list of items comprising variant anatomy, which have been incorporated into the internationally accepted nomenclatures Terminologia Anatomica (1998) and Terminologia Neuroanatomica (2017), is described and analyzed. Examples of the most common anatomical variations related to terminology are mentioned, and variant anatomy as a whole and its role in understanding current anatomy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kachlík
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Tolstého 16, 58601 Jihlava, Czech Republic;
| | - Ivan Varga
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81372 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-90-119-547
| | - Václav Báča
- Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Tolstého 16, 58601 Jihlava, Czech Republic;
| | - Vladimír Musil
- Centre of Scientific Information, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic;
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