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Yun C, Kim SH, Kim KM, Yang MH, Byun MR, Kim JH, Kwon D, Pham HTM, Kim HS, Kim JH, Jung YS. Advantages of Using 3D Spheroid Culture Systems in Toxicological and Pharmacological Assessment for Osteogenesis Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2512. [PMID: 38473760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone differentiation is crucial for skeletal development and maintenance. Its dysfunction can cause various pathological conditions such as rickets, osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, or Paget's disease. Although traditional two-dimensional cell culture systems have contributed significantly to our understanding of bone biology, they fail to replicate the intricate biotic environment of bone tissue. Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cell cultures have gained widespread popularity for addressing bone defects. This review highlights the advantages of employing 3D culture systems to investigate bone differentiation. It highlights their capacity to mimic the complex in vivo environment and crucial cellular interactions pivotal to bone homeostasis. The exploration of 3D culture models in bone research offers enhanced physiological relevance, improved predictive capabilities, and reduced reliance on animal models, which have contributed to the advancement of safer and more effective strategies for drug development. Studies have highlighted the transformative potential of 3D culture systems for expanding our understanding of bone biology and developing targeted therapeutic interventions for bone-related disorders. This review explores how 3D culture systems have demonstrated promise in unraveling the intricate mechanisms governing bone homeostasis and responses to pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawon Yun
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sou Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mok Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hye Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ran Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Hee Kim
- Department of Medical Beauty Care, Dongguk University Wise, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyoung Kwon
- Jeju Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Huyen T M Pham
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sop Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Tong X, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Li T, Zou H, Yuan Y, Bian J, Liu Z, Gu J. Vitamin D Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Inhibition of Chicken Bone Marrow Stromal Cells' Osteogenic Differentiation In Vitro. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2544. [PMID: 37570352 PMCID: PMC10417335 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a lipid soluble vitamin that is mostly used to treat bone metabolism-related diseases. In this study, the effect of Cd toxicity in vitro on osteogenic differentiation derived from BMSCs and the alleviating effect of lα, 25-(OH)2D3 were investigated. Cell index in real time was monitored using a Real-time cell analyzer (RTCA) system. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and the calcified nodules and the distribution of Runx2 protein were detected using ALP staining, alizarin red staining, and immunofluorescence, respectively. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential and the apoptotic rate of BMSCs, the mRNA levels of RUNX2 and type Ⅰ collagen alpha2 (COL1A2) genes, and the protein expression of Col1 and Runx2 were detected using flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. The proliferation of BMSCs and osteogenic differentiation were enhanced after treatment with different concentrations of lα, 25-(OH)2D3 compared with the control group. However, 5 μmol/L Cd inhibited the proliferation of BMSCs. In addition, 10 nmol/L lα,25-(OH)2D3 attenuated the toxicity and the apoptosis of BMSCs treated by Cd, and also promoted the osteogenic differentiation including the activity of ALP, and the protein expression of Col1 and Runx2. lα, 25-(OH)2D3 can alleviate cadmium-induced osteogenic toxicity in White Leghorn chickens in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xishuai Tong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China;
| | - Yutian Zhao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yawen Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hui Zou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Rashid U, Becker SK, Sponder G, Trappe S, Sandhu MA, Aschenbach JR. Low Magnesium Concentration Enforces Bone Calcium Deposition Irrespective of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Concentration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108679. [PMID: 37240030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient coordination between Mg2+ and vitamin D maintains adequate Ca2+ levels during lactation. This study explored the possible interaction between Mg2+ (0.3, 0.8, and 3 mM) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D; 0.05 and 5 nM) during osteogenesis using bovine mesenchymal stem cells. After 21 days, differentiated osteocytes were subjected to OsteoImage analysis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity measurements, and immunocytochemistry of NT5E, ENG (endoglin), SP7 (osterix), SPP1 (osteopontin), and the BGLAP gene product osteocalcin. The mRNA expression of NT5E, THY1, ENG, SP7, BGLAP, CYP24A1, VDR, SLC41A1, SLC41A2, SLC41A3, TRPM6, TRPM7, and NIPA1 was also assessed. Reducing the Mg2+ concentration in the medium increased the accumulation of mineral hydroxyapatite and ALP activity. There was no change in the immunocytochemical localization of stem cell markers. Expression of CYP24A1 was higher in all groups receiving 5 nM 1,25D. There were tendencies for higher mRNA abundance of THY1, BGLAP, and NIPA1 in cells receiving 0.3 mM Mg2+ and 5 nM 1,25D. In conclusion, low levels of Mg2+ greatly enhanced the deposition of bone hydroxyapatite matrix. The effect of Mg2+ was not modulated by 1,25D, although the expression of certain genes (including BGLAP) tended to be increased by the combination of low Mg2+ and high 1,25D concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Rashid
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Sandra K Becker
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sponder
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Trappe
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mansur A Sandhu
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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de Souza Castro G, de Souza W, Lima TSM, Bonfim DC, Werckmann J, Archanjo BS, Granjeiro JM, Ribeiro AR, Gemini-Piperni S. The Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Osteoblasts Mineralization: A Comparison between 2D and 3D Cell Culture Models. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:425. [PMID: 36770386 PMCID: PMC9921996 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies assess the biological effects of micro and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), the literature shows controversial results regarding their effect on bone cell behavior. Studies on the effects of nanoparticles on mammalian cells on two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures display several disadvantages, such as changes in cell morphology, function, and metabolism and fewer cell-cell contacts. This highlights the need to explore the effects of TiO2 NPs in more complex 3D environments, to better mimic the bone microenvironment. This study aims to compare the differentiation and mineralized matrix production of human osteoblasts SAOS-2 in a monolayer or 3D models after exposure to different concentrations of TiO2 NPs. Nanoparticles were characterized, and their internalization and effects on the SAOS-2 monolayer and 3D spheroid cells were evaluated with morphological analysis. The mineralization of human osteoblasts upon exposure to TiO2 NPs was evaluated by alizarin red staining, demonstrating a dose-dependent increase in mineralized matrix in human primary osteoblasts and SAOS-2 both in the monolayer and 3D models. Furthermore, our results reveal that, after high exposure to TiO2 NPs, the dose-dependent increase in the bone mineralized matrix in the 3D cells model is higher than in the 2D culture, showing a promising model to test the effect on bone osteointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanderson de Souza
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Thais Suelen Mello Lima
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Danielle Cabral Bonfim
- LabCeR Group, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Jacques Werckmann
- Visitant Professor at Brazilian Center for Research in Physics, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, Brazil
| | - Braulio Soares Archanjo
- Materials Metrology Division, National Institute of Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro 25250-020, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Ana Rosa Ribeiro
- NanoSafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Gemini-Piperni
- Postgraduate Program in Odontology, Unigranrio, Duque de Caxias 25071-202, Brazil
- Labεn Group, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
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Pan W, Jie W, Huang H. Vascular calcification: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e200. [PMID: 36620697 PMCID: PMC9811665 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is recognized as a pathological vascular disorder associated with various diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, aortic valve stenosis, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, as well as chronic kidney disease. Therefore, it is a life-threatening state for human health. There were several studies targeting mechanisms of VC that revealed the importance of vascular smooth muscle cells transdifferentiating, phosphorous and calcium milieu, as well as matrix vesicles on the progress of VC. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of VC need to be elucidated. Though there is no acknowledged effective therapeutic strategy to reverse or cure VC clinically, recent evidence has proved that VC is not a passive irreversible comorbidity but an active process regulated by many factors. Some available approaches targeting the underlying molecular mechanism provide promising prospects for the therapy of VC. This review aims to summarize the novel findings on molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions of VC, including the role of inflammatory responses, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron homeostasis, metabolic imbalance, and some related signaling pathways on VC progression. We also conclude some recent studies on controversial interventions in the clinical practice of VC, such as calcium channel blockers, renin-angiotensin system inhibitions, statins, bisphosphonates, denosumab, vitamins, and ion conditioning agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- Department of Cardiology, the Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina,Joint Laboratory of Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic DiseaseSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Wei Jie
- Department of Cardiology, the Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina,Joint Laboratory of Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic DiseaseSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina,Joint Laboratory of Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic DiseaseSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
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Lee HJ, Na KH, Uddin MS, Park JB. Assessment of the Impacts of Centipeda minima (L.) on Cell Viability, and Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 59:medicina59010043. [PMID: 36676667 PMCID: PMC9863519 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Centipeda minima (L.) is a well-known and traditional pharmaceutical that has been utilized to treat different conditions controlling rhinitis, soothe pain, and decrease swelling. We assessed the impacts of Centipeda minima (L.) extricates (CMTs) on the osteogenic differentiation of cell spheroids made of human-bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Materials and Methods: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in spheroid 3D culture were generated and propagated in the presence of CMTs ranging from 0 to 1 μg/mL. Cell morphology was measured on Days 1, 3, 5, and 7. The quantitative cellular viability was evaluated on Days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Alkaline phosphatase activity assays were designed to measure the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell spheroids on Day 7. Alizarin Red S staining was performed to investigate the mineralization of cell spheroids on Days 7 and 14. Real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to measure the expression levels of RUNX2 and COL1A1 on Day 14. Western blot techniques were performed to identify the protein expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 and type I collagen. Results: The control group’s mesenchymal stem cells displayed a spheroid shape. There was no noticeable change in morphology with the addition of CMTs at final concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/mL compared with the untreated (control) group. The application of CMTs did not induce a significant change in cell viability. The relative alkaline phosphatase activity values in the 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/mL CMT groups were 114.4% ± 8.2%, 130.6% ± 25.3%, 87.8% ± 3.4%, and 92.1% ± 6.8%, respectively, considering a control of 100% (100.0% ± 17.9%). On Day 14, calcium deposits were clearly observed in each group. The relative values of Alizarin Red S staining in the 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/mL CMT groups were 100.1% ± 8.9%, 105.9% ± 0.0%, 109.7% ± 19.1%, and 87.0% ± 40.9%, respectively, considering a control of 100% (100.0% ± 28.7%). The addition of CMT significantly increased RUNX2 expression in the 0.01 μg/mL group and COL1A1 in the 0.001 and 0.01 μg/mL groups. Normalization of protein expression showed that the addition of CMTs significantly increased type I collagen expression in the 0.001, 0.01, and 1 μg/mL groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, CMTs influence the osteogenic differentiation of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and the use of CMTs may positively influence the osteogenic differentiation of cell spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Lee
- Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Na
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Md. Salah Uddin
- Ethnobotanical Database of Bangladesh, Tejgaon, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh
| | - Jun-Beom Park
- Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-6290
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The Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 on the Differentiation of Cell Organoids Composed of Gingiva-Derived Stem Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9818299. [PMID: 35872843 PMCID: PMC9303143 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9818299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of transforming growth factor-β on the differentiation and mRNA expression of organoids made out of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell organoids composed of gingiva-derived stem cells were cultured in the presence of transforming growth factor-β1 at concentrations ranging from 0, 1, 10, to 20 ng/ml. Evaluations of the cell morphology of the organoids were performed on days 7, 9, 11, and 14. Quantitative cellular viability was completed on day 14. Alkaline phosphatase activity assays were performed to evaluate the differentiation of stem cells on day 14. Real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to determine the expression levels of TGF-β1, RUNX2, OCN, SOX9, and COL1A1 mRNA on day 14. The stem cells produced well-formed organoids on day 7, and the addition of transforming growth factor-β1 did not result in relevant changes in their shape. The organoids grew in size and became more intact with longer incubation times. On day 14, the diameters were 222.2 ± 9.6, 186.1 ± 4.8, 197.2 ± 9.6, and 211.1 ± 19.2 m for transforming growth factor-β1 at final concentrations of 0, 1, 10, and 20 ng/ml, respectively. Quantitative cell viability results from day 14 exhibited no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). There was significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity with the addition of transforming growth factor-β1 with the highest value for the 1 ng/ml group (P < 0.05). Real-time polymerase chain reaction results demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of RUNX2, OCN, and SOX were higher in 1 ng/ml but did not reach statistical significance. Treatment with 1 ng/ml of transforming growth factor-β1 significantly increased COL1A1 mRNA expression at day 14. The application of transforming growth factor-β1 increased differentiation, which was confirmed by alkaline phosphatase activity and mRNA expression while maintaining cell viability.
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Borojević A, Jauković A, Kukolj T, Mojsilović S, Obradović H, Trivanović D, Živanović M, Zečević Ž, Simić M, Gobeljić B, Vujić D, Bugarski D. Vitamin D3 Stimulates Proliferation Capacity, Expression of Pluripotency Markers, and Osteogenesis of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells, Partly through SIRT1 Signaling. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020323. [PMID: 35204824 PMCID: PMC8868595 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of vitamin D3 is well defined, as are the effects of its active metabolites on various cells, including mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs). However, the biological potential of its precursor, cholecalciferol (VD3), has not been sufficiently investigated, although its significance in regenerative medicine—mainly in combination with various biomaterial matrices—has been recognized. Given that VD3 preconditioning might also contribute to the improvement of cellular regenerative potential, the aim of this study was to investigate its effects on bone marrow (BM) MSC functions and the signaling pathways involved. For that purpose, the influence of VD3 on BM-MSCs obtained from young human donors was determined via MTT test, flow cytometric analysis, immunocytochemistry, and qRT-PCR. Our results revealed that VD3, following a 5-day treatment, stimulated proliferation, expression of pluripotency markers (NANOG, SOX2, and Oct4), and osteogenic differentiation potential in BM-MSCs, while it reduced their senescence. Moreover, increased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression was detected upon treatment with VD3, which mediated VD3-promoted osteogenesis and, partially, the stemness features through NANOG and SOX2 upregulation. In contrast, the effects of VD3 on proliferation, Oct4 expression, and senescence were SIRT1-independent. Altogether, these data indicate that VD3 has strong potential to modulate BM-MSCs’ features, partially through SIRT1 signaling, although the precise mechanisms merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Borojević
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘’Dr Vukan Čupić’’, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Ž.Z.); (M.S.); (B.G.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-11-3108-175
| | - Aleksandra Jauković
- Group for Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.J.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (H.O.); (D.T.); (M.Ž.); (D.B.)
| | - Tamara Kukolj
- Group for Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.J.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (H.O.); (D.T.); (M.Ž.); (D.B.)
| | - Slavko Mojsilović
- Group for Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.J.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (H.O.); (D.T.); (M.Ž.); (D.B.)
| | - Hristina Obradović
- Group for Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.J.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (H.O.); (D.T.); (M.Ž.); (D.B.)
| | - Drenka Trivanović
- Group for Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.J.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (H.O.); (D.T.); (M.Ž.); (D.B.)
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Clinics, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, University Würzburg, Sanderring 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Milena Živanović
- Group for Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.J.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (H.O.); (D.T.); (M.Ž.); (D.B.)
| | - Željko Zečević
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘’Dr Vukan Čupić’’, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Ž.Z.); (M.S.); (B.G.); (D.V.)
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Simić
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘’Dr Vukan Čupić’’, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Ž.Z.); (M.S.); (B.G.); (D.V.)
| | - Borko Gobeljić
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘’Dr Vukan Čupić’’, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Ž.Z.); (M.S.); (B.G.); (D.V.)
| | - Dragana Vujić
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘’Dr Vukan Čupić’’, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Ž.Z.); (M.S.); (B.G.); (D.V.)
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Diana Bugarski
- Group for Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.J.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (H.O.); (D.T.); (M.Ž.); (D.B.)
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