|
1
|
Ille CE, Jivănescu A, Pop D, Stoica ET, Flueras R, Talpoş-Niculescu IC, Cosoroabă RM, Popovici RA, Olariu I. Exploring the Properties and Indications of Chairside CAD/CAM Materials in Restorative Dentistry. J Funct Biomater 2025; 16:46. [PMID: 39997580 PMCID: PMC11856138 DOI: 10.3390/jfb16020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Revised: 01/16/2025] [Accepted: 01/29/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025] Open
Abstract
The present review provides an up-to-date overview of chairside CAD/CAM materials used in restorative dentistry, focusing on their classification, properties, and clinical applications. If CAD/CAM technology was only an aspiration in the past, a higher proportion of clinics are employing it nowadays. The market is overflowing with biomaterials, and these materials are constantly evolving, making it challenging for practitioners to choose the most appropriate one, especially in correlation with patients' medical diseases. The evolution of CAD/CAM technology has revolutionized dental practice, enabling the efficient fabrication of high-quality restorations in a single appointment. The main categories of chairside CAD/CAM materials include feldspathic ceramics, leucite-reinforced ceramics, lithium disilicate, zirconia, hybrid ceramics, and acrylic resins. The mechanical, physical, and aesthetic properties of these materials are discussed, along with their advantages and limitations for different clinical scenarios. Factors influencing material selection, such as strength, aesthetics, and ease of use, are also assessed. Ultimately, the guiding principle of dentistry is minimally invasive treatment following the particularity of the clinical case to obtain the envisioned result. Correlating all these factors, a simple, up-to-date classification is required to begin an individualized treatment. By synthesizing current evidence, this comprehensive review aims to guide clinicians in selecting appropriate chairside CAD/CAM materials to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes in restorative procedures. The integration of digital workflows and continued development of novel materials promise to further enhance the capabilities of chairside CAD/CAM systems in modern dental practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Codruţa-Eliza Ille
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Revolutiei Ave. 1989, No. 9, 300580 Timișoara, Romania; (C.-E.I.); (D.P.); (E.T.S.); (I.-C.T.-N.); (R.M.C.); (R.-A.P.)
- TADERP Research Center—Advanced and Digital Techniques for Endodontic, Restorative and Prosthetic Treatment, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Revolutiei Ave. 1989, No. 9, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Anca Jivănescu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Revolutiei Ave. 1989, No. 9, 300580 Timișoara, Romania; (C.-E.I.); (D.P.); (E.T.S.); (I.-C.T.-N.); (R.M.C.); (R.-A.P.)
- TADERP Research Center—Advanced and Digital Techniques for Endodontic, Restorative and Prosthetic Treatment, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Revolutiei Ave. 1989, No. 9, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Daniel Pop
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Revolutiei Ave. 1989, No. 9, 300580 Timișoara, Romania; (C.-E.I.); (D.P.); (E.T.S.); (I.-C.T.-N.); (R.M.C.); (R.-A.P.)
- TADERP Research Center—Advanced and Digital Techniques for Endodontic, Restorative and Prosthetic Treatment, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Revolutiei Ave. 1989, No. 9, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Eniko Tunde Stoica
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Revolutiei Ave. 1989, No. 9, 300580 Timișoara, Romania; (C.-E.I.); (D.P.); (E.T.S.); (I.-C.T.-N.); (R.M.C.); (R.-A.P.)
- TADERP Research Center—Advanced and Digital Techniques for Endodontic, Restorative and Prosthetic Treatment, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Revolutiei Ave. 1989, No. 9, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Razvan Flueras
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, 86 Liviu Rebreanu Street, 310414 Arad, Romania; (R.F.); (I.O.)
| | - Ioana-Cristina Talpoş-Niculescu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Revolutiei Ave. 1989, No. 9, 300580 Timișoara, Romania; (C.-E.I.); (D.P.); (E.T.S.); (I.-C.T.-N.); (R.M.C.); (R.-A.P.)
| | - Raluca Mioara Cosoroabă
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Revolutiei Ave. 1989, No. 9, 300580 Timișoara, Romania; (C.-E.I.); (D.P.); (E.T.S.); (I.-C.T.-N.); (R.M.C.); (R.-A.P.)
| | - Ramona-Amina Popovici
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Revolutiei Ave. 1989, No. 9, 300580 Timișoara, Romania; (C.-E.I.); (D.P.); (E.T.S.); (I.-C.T.-N.); (R.M.C.); (R.-A.P.)
| | - Iustin Olariu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, 86 Liviu Rebreanu Street, 310414 Arad, Romania; (R.F.); (I.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Khoramian Esfahani MS, Ahmadi G, Esmaeili B. Effect of polishing versus glazing of CAD-CAM ceramics on wear and surface roughness of opposing composite resin. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2024; 21:18. [PMID: 38476712 PMCID: PMC10929728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess the effect of polishing versus glazing of computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) ceramics on depth of wear and surface roughness of opposing composite resin. Materials and Methods This in vitro study was conducted on 40 Z250 composite and 40 CAD-CAM ceramic specimens including Celtra Duo, Vita Mark II, e.max CAD, and Vita Suprinity ceramics. All ceramic specimens were roughened by a fine-grit bur after primary glazing to simulate an adjusted surface in the clinical setting. They were then randomly assigned to two subgroups and underwent reglazing or polishing. All composite and ceramic specimens underwent profilometry after surface treatment and prior to the wear test, and the results were recorded quantitatively. Composite specimens were then subjected to 120,000 wear cycles against ceramic specimens in a chewing simulator, and the depth of wear was measured by a scanner. Data were statistically analyzed by repeated measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results Comparison of the surface roughness of composite specimens before and after the wear test revealed significant differences in both glazed Suprinity (P = 0.048) and Vita Mark II (P = 0.026) ceramics groups. The change in surface roughness after the wear test (compared with baseline) was significant in glazed (P = 0.000) and polished (P = 0.013) Vita Mark II and polished Suprinity (P = 0.037) ceramics, but this change was not significant in other ceramics (P > 0.05). The depth of wear after the wear test was not significantly different among the ceramic and composite subgroups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Assessment of depth of wear and surface roughness of composite specimens showed that the polishing kits of CAD-CAM ceramics can serve as a suitable alternative to reglazing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghazaleh Ahmadi
- Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R. Iran
| | - Behnaz Esmaeili
- Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Süsgün Yıldırım Z, Batmaz SG. Monomer release, cell adhesion, and cell viability of indirect restorative materials manufactured with additive, subtractive, and conventional methods. J Oral Sci 2024; 66:9-14. [PMID: 37866923 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.23-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to measure residual monomer, cell adhesion, and cell viability of 3-dimensional printable permanent resin (PR), hybrid ceramic block (HCB), and indirect composite (IC) produced with additive, subtractive, and conventional techniques. METHODS Five 8 × 8 × 2 mm3 samples of each material were prepared for each experiment. In a 24-h period, monomer release was analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography, and cell viability and adhesion were evaluated with the water-soluble tetrazolium salt test. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 statistical software, and results were regarded as significant at α = 0.05. RESULTS Monomer release (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, and Bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate) was significantly higher in the IC group. Mean cell viability was significantly lower in the HCB group than in the IC group. CONCLUSION All monomers in the tested materials were released at rates that were below clinical significance. Cell adhesion rates in the groups were similar. Cytotoxic response was classified as minor in the HCB and PR groups and non-cytotoxic in the IC group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sevde Gül Batmaz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Chepelova N, Antoshin A, Voloshin S, Usanova A, Efremov Y, Makeeva M, Evlashin S, Stepanov M, Turkina A, Timashev P. Oral Galvanism Side Effects: Comparing Alloy Ions and Galvanic Current Effects on the Mucosa-like Model. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:564. [PMID: 38132818 PMCID: PMC10744021 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14120564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of different dental alloys with the oral environment may cause severe side effects (e.g., burning sensation, inflammatory reactions, carcinogenesis) as a result of oral galvanism. However, the pathogenesis of side effects associated with oral galvanism is still unclear, and the effects of direct current and alloy corrosion ions are considered potentially contributing factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to systemically compare the damaging effects of (1) galvanism as a synergistic process (direct current + corrosion ions), (2) direct current separately, and (3) corrosion ions separately on an in vitro mucosa-like model based on a cell line of immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaTs) to reveal the factors playing a pivotal role in dental alloys side effects. For this, we chose and compared the dental alloys with the highest risk of oral galvanism: Ti64-AgPd and NiCr-AgPd. We showed that galvanic current may be the leading damaging factor in the cytotoxic processes associated with galvanic coupling of metallic intraoral appliances in the oral cavity, especially in the short-term period (28 days). However, the contribution of corrosion ions (Ni2+) to the synergistic toxicity was also shown, and quite possibly, in the long term, it could be no less dangerous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Chepelova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119048, Russia; (N.C.); (S.V.); (A.U.); (Y.E.); (P.T.)
| | - Artem Antoshin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119048, Russia; (N.C.); (S.V.); (A.U.); (Y.E.); (P.T.)
| | - Sergei Voloshin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119048, Russia; (N.C.); (S.V.); (A.U.); (Y.E.); (P.T.)
| | - Anna Usanova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119048, Russia; (N.C.); (S.V.); (A.U.); (Y.E.); (P.T.)
| | - Yuri Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119048, Russia; (N.C.); (S.V.); (A.U.); (Y.E.); (P.T.)
| | - Maria Makeeva
- Therapeutic Dentistry Department, Institute for Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048, Russia; (M.M.); (A.T.)
- Conservative Dentistry Department, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Stanislav Evlashin
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia;
| | - Mikhail Stepanov
- Department of Dental Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048, Russia;
| | - Anna Turkina
- Therapeutic Dentistry Department, Institute for Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048, Russia; (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119048, Russia; (N.C.); (S.V.); (A.U.); (Y.E.); (P.T.)
| |
Collapse
|