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Wang C, Huang J, Zhou Z, Xu P, Shi J, Yang Y, Tong S, Hu H. Coumarins from Jinhua Finger Citron: Separation by Liquid-Liquid Chromatography and Potential Antitumor Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:6917. [PMID: 37836760 PMCID: PMC10574065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, liquid-liquid chromatography was introduced for the first time for the separation of fingered citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle). The fingered citron cultivated in Jinhua is of significant industrial and medicinal value, with several major coumarin compounds detected in its extract. Therefore, further separation for higher purity was of necessity. A preparative liquid-liquid chromatographic method was developed by combining two elution modes (isocratic and step-gradient) with selection according to different polarities of the target sample. Five coumarin derivatives-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (52.6 mg, 99.6%), phellopterin (4.9 mg, 97.1%), 5-prenyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin (6.7 mg, 98.7%), 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (7.1 mg, 82.2%), and byakangelicol (10.5 mg, 90.1%)-with similar structures and properties were isolated on a large scale from 100 mg of petroleum ether (PE) extract and 100 mg of ethyl acetate (EA) extract in Jinhua fingered citron. The productivity was much improved. The anti-growth activity of the isolated coumarins was evaluated against three cancer cell lines (HeLa, A549, and MCF7) with an MTT assay. The coumarins demonstrated potential anti-tumor activity on the HeLa cell line, with 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin in particular exhibiting the best anti-growth activity (IC50 = 10.57 ± 0.24 μM) by inhibiting proliferation. It inhibited colony formation and reduced the size of the tumor sphere in a concentration-dependent manner. The main mechanism was confirmed as inducing apoptosis. This work was informative for further studies aimed at exploring new natural-product-based antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Wang
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua 321015, China (Y.Y.)
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Lanxi 321100, China
| | - Jiangang Huang
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Lanxi 321100, China
| | - Zhiling Zhou
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua 321015, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Ping Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jingyi Shi
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua 321015, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Yushun Yang
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua 321015, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hongyu Hu
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Lanxi 321100, China
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2
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Wang S, Yang Y, Wang Q, Wu Z, Liu X, Chen S, Zhou A. Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide from finger citron extracted by continuous phase-transition extraction. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124491. [PMID: 37076066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
FCP-2-1, a water-soluble polysaccharide rich in galacturonic acid was isolated by continuous phase-transition extraction and purified with DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography from finger citron with essential oil and flavonoids removed. The structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of FCP-2-1 were further investigated in this work. FCP-2-1 with a Mw and Mn of 1.503 × 104 g/mol and 1.125 × 104 g/mol, respectively, was predominantly composed of galacturonic acid, galactose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 0.685: 0.032: 0.283. The main linkage types of FCP-2-1 were proved to be →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→ and →4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→ based on methylation and NMR analysis. Moreover, FCP-2-1 was demonstrated to have significant immunomodulatory effects on macrophages in vitro by improving the cell viability, and enhancing phagocytic activity and secretion of NO and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α), indicating that FCP-2-1 could be used as a natural agent in immunoregulation functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yujie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhiqin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuxi Chen
- Guangdong Zhancui Food Co., Ltd., Chaozhou 515634, China
| | - Aimei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Identification and Analysis of Metabolites That Contribute to the Formation of Distinctive Flavour Components of Laoxianghuang. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020425. [PMID: 36673517 PMCID: PMC9858094 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to volatile compounds, metabolites also have a great effect on the flavour of food. Fresh finger citron cannot be eaten directly because of its spicy and bitter taste, so it is made into a preserved fruit product known as Laoxianghuang (LXH). To investigate the metabolites that have an effect on the flavour of LXH, untargeted metabolomics was performed using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and the metabolites of the Laoxianghuang samples from different locations in the Chaoshan area were compared and analysed. A total of 756 metabolites were identified and distinct differences were revealed among the different Laoxianghuang samples. A total of 33 differential metabolites with the most significant changes were screened through further multivariate analytical steps, and each group of samples had unique metabolites. For instance, pomolic acid had the highest content in the JG sample, while L-glycyl-L-isoleucine was rich in the QS sample. Moreover, flavonoid metabolites made the greatest contribution to the unique flavour of Laoxianghuang. The metabolic pathways involved are the biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids, isoflavonoids, flavones, and flavonols. This study can provide some creative information for distinguishing the quality differences of Laoxianghuang from the perspective of metabolites and offer preliminary theoretical support to characterise the formation of flavour substances in Laoxianghuang.
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4
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Yaqun L, Hanxu L, Wanling L, Yingzhu X, Mouquan L, Yuzhong Z, Lei H, Yingkai Y, Yidong C. SPME-GC-MS combined with chemometrics to assess the impact of fermentation time on the components, flavor, and function of Laoxianghuang. Front Nutr 2022; 9:915776. [PMID: 35983487 PMCID: PMC9378830 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.915776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laoxianghuang, fermented from Citrus medica L. var. Sarcodactylis Swingle of the Rutaceae family, is a medicinal food. The volatiles of Laoxianghuang fermented in different years were obtained by solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME-GC–MS). Meanwhile, the evolution of its component-flavor function during the fermentation process was explored in depth by combining chemometrics and performance analyses. To extract the volatile compounds from Laoxianghuang, the fiber coating, extraction time, and desorption temperature were optimized in terms of the number and area of peaks. A polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) with a thickness of 65 μm fiber, extraction time of 30 min, and desorption temperature of 200 °C were shown to be the optimal conditions. There were 42, 44, 52, 53, 53, and 52 volatiles identified in the 3rd, 5th, 8th, 10th, 15th, and 20th years of fermentation of Laoxianghuang, respectively. The relative contents were 97.87%, 98.50%, 98.77%, 98.85%, 99.08%, and 98.36%, respectively. Terpenes (mainly limonene, γ-terpinene and cymene) displayed the highest relative content and were positively correlated with the year of fermentation, followed by alcohols (mainly α-terpineol, β-terpinenol, and γ-terpineol), ketones (mainly cyclohexanone, D(+)-carvone and β-ionone), aldehydes (2-furaldehyde, 5-methylfurfural, and 1-nonanal), phenols (thymol, chlorothymol, and eugenol), esters (bornyl formate, citronellyl acetate, and neryl acetate), and ethers (n-octyl ether and anethole). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed a closer relationship between the composition of Laoxianghuang with similar fermentation years of the same gradient (3rd-5th, 8th-10th, and 15th-20th). Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) VIP scores and PCA-biplot showed that α-terpineol, γ-terpinene, cymene, and limonene were the differential candidate biomarkers. Flavor analysis revealed that Laoxianghuang exhibited wood odor from the 3rd to the 10th year of fermentation, while herb odor appeared in the 15th and the 20th year. This study analyzed the changing pattern of the flavor and function of Laoxianghuang through the evolution of the composition, which provided a theoretical basis for further research on subsequent fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yaqun
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Chaozhou, China
| | - Liu Hanxu
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Lin Wanling
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Chaozhou, China
| | - Xue Yingzhu
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Hanjiang Laboratory), Chaozhou, China
| | - Liu Mouquan
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Chaozhou, China
| | - Zheng Yuzhong
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Chaozhou, China
| | - Hu Lei
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Chaozhou, China
| | - Yang Yingkai
- Guangdong Jigong Healthy Food Co., Ltd, Chaozhou, China
| | - Chen Yidong
- Guangdong Jigong Healthy Food Co., Ltd, Chaozhou, China
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Hussain H, Mamadalieva NZ, Hussain A, Hassan U, Rabnawaz A, Ahmed I, Green IR. Fruit Peels: Food Waste as a Valuable Source of Bioactive Natural Products for Drug Discovery. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:1960-1994. [PMID: 35678663 PMCID: PMC9164088 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44050134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruits along with vegetables are crucial for a balanced diet. These not only have delicious flavors but are also reported to decrease the risk of contracting various chronic diseases. Fruit by-products are produced in huge quantity during industrial processing and constitute a serious issue because they may pose a harmful risk to the environment. The proposal of employing fruit by-products, particularly fruit peels, has gradually attained popularity because scientists found that in many instances peels displayed better biological and pharmacological applications than other sections of the fruit. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of fruit peel extracts and natural products obtained in food industries along with their other potential biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nilufar Z. Mamadalieva
- Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan;
| | - Amjad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara 56130, Pakistan;
| | - Uzma Hassan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Aisha Rabnawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara 56130, Pakistan;
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK;
| | - Ivan R. Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
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6
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Detection of Volatiles by HS-SPME-GC/MS and Biological Effect Evaluation of Buddha's Hand Fruit. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051666. [PMID: 35268766 PMCID: PMC8911557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to chemically characterize and evaluate the antiradical power and biological effects of Citrus medica var. sarcodactylus essential oil (EO) and hydrolate (Hy) from exocarp as well as methanol extracts, from both exocarp and mesocarp (EEX and MEX). The whole fresh fruit was also investigated by SPME-GC/MS to describe its volatile composition. EO and Hy were analyzed by GC/MS and HS-GC/MS techniques, respectively. Limonene and γ-terpinene were found to be the most abundant compounds both in the fresh parts of the fruit and in the EO, while α-terpineol and terpinen-4-ol were in the Hy. The extracts were also rich in furan and coumarin derivatives. A good antiradical activity of all samples except Hy was detected both against ABTS·+ than DPPH·, removed up to about 50%. The antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli was evaluated by microwell dilution method to determine MIC and MBC values. EEX and MEX showed efficacy at very high concentrations against both tested bacteria. The MIC value of EO against B. cereus was 0.5% v/v, while Hy was not able to inhibit the bacterial growth at the tested concentrations. Cytotoxicity investigated on the HL60 leukemia cell line by MTT assay provided an EC50 of 1.24% v/v for EO. Interesting activity of Hy was also observed.
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Vagabova F, Aliev А. Study of the variability of the component composition of the essential oil of Artemisia vulgaris L. from the place of collection of raw materials in the territory of Dagestan. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224301024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Artemisia L. is represented in the natural flora of Dagestan (Russia) by 21 species. For the first time, data are presented on the release of essential oil and its component composition in the aerial part of Artemisia vulgaris L., collected in different geographical points during the flowering period in 2014. The aim of the work was to assess the dependence of the accumulation and variability of the component composition of the essential oil of the aerial part of A. vulgaris on the place of collection of raw materials. The collected raw materials were dried to an air-dry state, ground in a laboratory mill and subjected to extraction by the Clevenger method (hydrodistillation method). The studied samples of wormwood showed a low content of essential oil, and one sample was colored dark blue, which differs from the literature data. The resulting essential oils were further analyzed on a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (Shimadzu). As a result, 51 compounds were found in the essential oil of the aerial part of A. vulgaris (a sample collected in the vicinity of the village of Charoda, 1490 m above sea level, Dagestan, Russia), 56 compounds in a sample collected in the vicinity of the village of Kurush, 2460 m above sea level, Dagestan, Russia. Pinene beta, sabinene, myrcene, eucalyptol, terpinene gamma, thujone –beta, Verbenol trans, terpinen –4 –ol, chrysanthenyl acetate – trans, Isogermacrene D, muurolene epsylon, Humulene alpha, Cadinene gamma, Selyptol –Beta, Bulnesene alpha, Caryophyllene oxide, Humulene epoxide II, Chamazulene. Bulnesene alpha, Caryophyllene oxide, Humulene epoxide II, Chamazulene. Two samples of A. vulgaris essential oil differ in general both in qualitative and quantitative composition of components, both major and minor. The results obtained give us grounds to recommend these samples as sources of valuable components, chamazulene, Chrysanthenyl acetate, cubebene beta and others.
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8
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Raghavan S, Gurunathan J. Citrus species – a golden treasure box of metabolites that is beneficial against disorders. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Sun X, Yang H, Zhao W, Bourcier E, Baldwin EA, Plotto A, Irey M, Bai J. Huanglongbing and Foliar Spray Programs Affect the Chemical Profile of "Valencia" Orange Peel Oil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:611449. [PMID: 33995429 PMCID: PMC8118161 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.611449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Florida orange trees have been affected by huanglongbing (HLB) for more than a decade. To alleviate disease-caused tree decline, maintain fruit productivity, and reduce disease transmission, enhanced foliar spray programs combining vector control and nutritional supplementation have been applied to healthy and diseased trees. The aim of this research was to discover if the various foliar sprays affect fruit peel oil chemical components. In this study, "Valencia" orange trees, with or without HLB (HLB±), were treated with the grower standard program (control, C) or one of four proprietary enhanced foliar spray programs (N1, N2, N3, and N4) over 16 months. Compared with HLB-, HLB+ samples had lower concentrations of typical peel oil components, including valencene, octanal, and decanal, and were abundant in oxidative/dehydrogenated terpenes, such as carvone and limonene oxide. However, limonene, the dominant component, was not affected by any treatment. Control and three out of four enhanced foliar spray programs, N2, N3, and N4, had very little influence on the chemical profiles of both HLB- and HLB+ samples, while N1 treatment greatly altered the chemical profile of HLB+ samples, resulting in peel oil similar to that of HLB- samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Sun
- USDA/ARS Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Huqing Yang
- USDA/ARS Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
- Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- USDA/ARS Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Elise Bourcier
- USDA/ARS Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | | | - Anne Plotto
- USDA/ARS Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Mike Irey
- Southern Gardens Citrus Nursery, Clewiston, FL, United States
| | - Jinhe Bai
- USDA/ARS Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jinhe Bai,
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Darwish RS, Shawky E, El Naggar EMB, Hammoda HM, Harraz FM. Evaluation of the effect of seasonal variation and organ selection on the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of oriental-cedar (Platyclaudus orientalis (L.) Franco). JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2020.1829509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reham S. Darwish
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman Shawky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Hala M. Hammoda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fathallah M. Harraz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
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Denaro M, Smeriglio A, Xiao J, Cornara L, Burlando B, Trombetta D. New insights into
Citrus
genus: From ancient fruits to new hybrids. FOOD FRONTIERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm) University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm) University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine University of Macau Taipa Macau
| | - Laura Cornara
- Department of Earth, Environment, and Life Sciences (DISTAV) University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Bruno Burlando
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR) University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm) University of Messina Messina Italy
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12
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Shahariz Mohamad Adzib M, Ilham Z. Simultaneous analytical determination of methyl salicylate and thymol in selected malaysian traditional medicines. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2020004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Kumar A, Kamal A, Singh S, Padalia RC, Tandon S, Chauhan A, Saikia D, Verma RS. Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, kinetics and mechanism of action of Himalayan-thyme (Thymus linearis Benth.). JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2019.1662337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, India
| | - Aditi Kamal
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Research Centre Pantnagar, India
| | - Swati Singh
- Process Chemistry & Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, India
| | - Rajendra Chandra Padalia
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Research Centre Pantnagar, India
| | - Sudeep Tandon
- Process Chemistry & Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, India
| | - Amit Chauhan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Research Centre Pantnagar, India
| | - Dharmendra Saikia
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, India
| | - Ram Swaroop Verma
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Research Centre Pantnagar, India
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14
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Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Essential Oil Extracted by Carbon Dioxide Expanded Ethanol. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101897. [PMID: 31108854 PMCID: PMC6572508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the composition of essential oil isolated from the roots of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, harvested in China, was studied, along with the bioactivities. A green novel method using an eco-friendly solvent, CO2-pressurized ethanol, or carbon dioxide expanded ethanol (CXE) was employed to isolate the essential oil from the root of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash with the purpose of replacing the traditional method and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). After investigating the major operating factors of CXE, the optimal conditions were obtained as follows: 8.4 MPa, 50 °C, 5 mL/min ethanol, and 0.22 mole fraction of CO2, presenting an extraction oil that ranged from 5.12% to 7.42%, higher than that of hydrodistillation (HD) or indirect vapor distillation (IVD). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that three major components, including valerenol (18.48%), valerenal (10.21%), and β-Cadinene (6.23%), are found in CXE oil, while a total of 23 components were identified, 48 components less than using conventional hydrodistillation. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of root oils were evaluated by the microdilution method, which showed that CXE oil exhibited an ability against Gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, approximately equivalent to traditional samples. Additionally, the DPPH free radical scavenging assay demonstrated that the antioxidant abilities of root oils were sorted in the descending order: IVD > HD > CXE > SFE. In conclusion, after a comprehensive comparison with the conventional methods, the CXE-related technique might be a promising green manufacturing pattern for the production of quality vetiver oil, due to the modification of ethanol by the variable addition of non-polar compressible CO2, ultimately resulting in a prominent dissolving capability for the extraction of vetiver solutes.
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15
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The Chemical Compositions of the Volatile Oils of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Wild Garlic (Allium vineale). Foods 2017; 6:foods6080063. [PMID: 28783070 PMCID: PMC5575638 DOI: 10.3390/foods6080063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic, Alliumsativum, is broadly used around the world for its numerous culinary and medicinal uses. Wild garlic, Allium vineale, has been used as a substitute for garlic, both in food as well as in herbal medicine. The present study investigated the chemical compositions of A. sativum and A. vineale essential oils. The essential oils from the bulbs of A. sativum, cultivated in Spain, were obtained by three different methods: laboratory hydrodistillation, industrial hydrodistillation, and industrial steam distillation. The essential oils of wild-growing A. vineale from north Alabama were obtained by hydrodistillation. The resulting essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both A. sativum and A. vineale oils were dominated by allyl polysulfides. There were minor quantitative differences between the A. sativum oils owing to the distillation methods employed, as well as differences from previously reported garlic oils from other geographical locations. Allium vineale oil showed a qualitative similarity to Allium ursinum essential oil. The compositions of garlic and wild garlic are consistent with their use as flavoring agents in foods as well as their uses as herbal medicines. However, quantitative differences are likely to affect the flavor and bioactivity profiles of these Allium species.
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