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Naitoh K, Orihara Y, Sakagami H, Miura T, Satoh K, Amano S, Bandow K, Iijima Y, Kurosaki K, Uesawa Y, Hashimoto M, Wakabayashi H. Tumor-Specificity, Neurotoxicity, and Possible Involvement of the Nuclear Receptor Response Pathway of 4,6,8-Trimethyl Azulene Amide Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052601. [PMID: 35269748 PMCID: PMC8910578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Very few papers covering the anticancer activity of azulenes have been reported, as compared with those of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. This led us to investigate the antitumor potential of fifteen 4,6,8-trimethyl azulene amide derivatives against oral malignant cells. Methods: 4,6,8-Trimethyl azulene amide derivatives were newly synthesized. Anticancer activity was evaluated by tumor-specificity against four human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines over three normal oral cells. Neurotoxicity was evaluated by cytotoxicity against three neuronal cell lines over normal oral cells. Apoptosis induction was evaluated by Western blot and cell cycle analyses. Results: Among fifteen derivatives, compounds 7, 9, and 15 showed the highest anticancer activity, and relatively lower neurotoxicity than doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and melphalan. They induced the accumulation of a comparable amount of a subG1 population, but slightly lower extent of caspase activation, as compared with actinomycin D, used as an apoptosis inducer. The quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis suggests the significant correlation of tumor-specificity with a 3D shape of molecules, and possible involvement of inflammation and hormone receptor response pathways. Conclusions: Compounds 7 and 15 can be potential candidates of a lead compound for developing novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotone Naitoh
- Faculty of Science, Josai University, Saitama 250-0295, Japan; (K.N.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (M.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Yuta Orihara
- Faculty of Science, Josai University, Saitama 250-0295, Japan; (K.N.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (M.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Hiroshi Sakagami
- Research Institute of Odontology, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan;
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (Y.U.)
| | - Takumi Miura
- Faculty of Science, Josai University, Saitama 250-0295, Japan; (K.N.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (M.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Keitaro Satoh
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Therapeutics Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama 350-0283, Japan;
| | - Shigeru Amano
- Research Institute of Odontology, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan;
| | - Kenjiro Bandow
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama 350-0283, Japan;
| | - Yosuke Iijima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0283, Japan;
| | - Kota Kurosaki
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiro Uesawa
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan;
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (Y.U.)
| | - Masashi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Science, Josai University, Saitama 250-0295, Japan; (K.N.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (M.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Hidetsugu Wakabayashi
- Faculty of Science, Josai University, Saitama 250-0295, Japan; (K.N.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (M.H.); (H.W.)
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Roayapalley PK, Sakagami H, Satoh K, Amano S, Bandow K, Aguilera RJ, Hernandez KGC, Schiaffino Bustamante AY, Dimmock SG, Sharma RK, Das U, Dimmock JR. Cytotoxic Tumour-Selective 1,5-Diaryl-3-Oxo-1,4-Pentadienes Mounted on a Piperidine Ring. MEDICINES 2021; 8:medicines8120078. [PMID: 34940290 PMCID: PMC8707244 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8120078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3,5-bis(benzylidene)-4-piperidones 2a–u were prepared as candidate cytotoxic agents. In general, the compounds are highly toxic to human gingival carcinoma (Ca9-22), human squamous carcinoma-2 (HSC-2) and human squamous carcinoma-4 (HSC-4) neoplasms, but less so towards non-malignant human gingival fibroblast (HGF), human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPLF) and human pulp cells (HPC), thereby demonstrating tumour-selective toxicity. A further study revealed that most of the compounds in series 2 were more toxic to the human Colo-205 adenocarcinoma cell line (Colo-205), human HT29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) and human CEM lymphoid cells (CEM) neoplasms than towards non-malignant human foreskin Hs27 fibroblast line (Hs27) cells. The potency of the cytotoxins towards the six malignant cell lines increased as the sigma and sigma star values of the aryl substituents rose. Attempts to condense various aryl aldehydes with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone led to the isolation of some 1,5-diaryl-1,4-pentadien-3-ones. The highest specificity for oral cancer cells was displayed by 2e and 2r. In the case of 2r, its selective toxicity exceeded that of doxorubicin and melphalan. The enones 2k, m, o have the highest SI values towards colon cancer and leukemic cells. Both 2e,r inhibited mitosis and increased the subG1 population (with a transient increase in G2/M phase cells). Slight activation of caspase-3, based on the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) and procaspase 3, was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K. Roayapalley
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (U.D.); (J.R.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hiroshi Sakagami
- School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan; (H.S.); (K.S.); (S.A.); (K.B.)
| | - Keitaro Satoh
- School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan; (H.S.); (K.S.); (S.A.); (K.B.)
| | - Shigeru Amano
- School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan; (H.S.); (K.S.); (S.A.); (K.B.)
| | - Kenjiro Bandow
- School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan; (H.S.); (K.S.); (S.A.); (K.B.)
| | - Renato J. Aguilera
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; (R.J.A.); (K.G.C.H.); (A.Y.S.B.)
| | - Karla G. Cano Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; (R.J.A.); (K.G.C.H.); (A.Y.S.B.)
| | - Austre Y. Schiaffino Bustamante
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; (R.J.A.); (K.G.C.H.); (A.Y.S.B.)
| | - Stephen G. Dimmock
- Department of Finance, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119245, Singapore;
| | - Rajendra K. Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada;
| | - Umashankar Das
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (U.D.); (J.R.D.)
| | - Jonathan R. Dimmock
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (U.D.); (J.R.D.)
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