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Liu Q, Liu H, Zhang W, Ma Q, Xu Q, Hooshyari K, Su H. Enhancing Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells with Ionic Liquids: A Review. Chemistry 2023:e202303525. [PMID: 38149791 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) represent a promising clean energy solution. However, their widespread adoption faces hurdles related to component optimization. This review explores the pivotal role of ionic liquids (ILs) in enhancing PEMFC performance, focusing on their role in polymer electrolyte membranes, catalyst modification, and other components. By addressing key obstacles, including proton conductivity, catalyst stability, and fuel crossover, ILs provide a pathway towards the widespread commercialization of PEMFCs. In the realm of PEMFC membranes, ILs have shown great potential in improving proton conductivity, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. Additionally, the utilization of ILs as catalyst modifiers has shown promise in enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of electrodes by serving as an effective stabilizer to promote the dispersion of metal nanoparticles, and reduce their agglomeration, thereby augmenting catalytic performance. Furthermore, ILs can be tailored to optimize the catalyst-support interaction, ultimately enhancing the overall fuel cell efficiency. Their unique properties, such as high oxygen solubility and low volatility, offer advantages in terms of reducing mass transport and water management issues. This review not only underscores the promising advancements achieved thus far but also outlines the challenges that must be addressed to unlock the full potential of ILs in PEMFC technology, offering a valuable resource for researchers and engineers working toward the realization of efficient and durable PEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Liu
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qian Xu
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Khadijeh Hooshyari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, 5756151818, Iran
| | - Huaneng Su
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
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Ebrahimi M, Fatyeyeva K, Kujawski W. Different Approaches for the Preparation of Composite Ionic Liquid-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications-Recent Advancements. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:593. [PMID: 37367797 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of ionic liquid-based membranes as polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications increases significantly due to the major features of ionic liquids (i.e., high thermal stability and ion conductivity, non-volatility, and non-flammability). In general, there are three major methods to introduce ionic liquids into the polymer membrane, such as incorporating ionic liquid into a polymer solution, impregnating the polymer with ionic liquid, and cross-linking. The incorporation of ionic liquids into a polymer solution is the most common method, owing to easy operation of process and quick membrane formation. However, the prepared composite membranes suffer from a reduction in mechanical stability and ionic liquid leakage. While mechanical stability may be enhanced by the membrane's impregnation with ionic liquid, ionic liquid leaching is still the main drawback of this method. The presence of covalent bonds between ionic liquids and polymer chains during the cross-linking reaction can decrease the ionic liquid release. Cross-linked membranes reveal more stable proton conductivity, although a decrease in ionic mobility can be noticed. In the present work, the main approaches for ionic liquid introduction into the polymer film are presented in detail, and the recently obtained results (2019-2023) are discussed in correlation with the composite membrane structure. In addition, some promising new methods (i.e., layer-by-layer self-assembly, vacuum-assisted flocculation, spin coating, and freeze drying) are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ebrahimi
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), INSA Rouen Normandie, University Rouen Normandie, UMR 6270 CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Kateryna Fatyeyeva
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), INSA Rouen Normandie, University Rouen Normandie, UMR 6270 CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Wojciech Kujawski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Rogalsky S, Tarasyuk O, Babkina N, Makhno S, Pertko O, Povazhnyi V, Cherniavska T, Fatyeyeva K. Fabrication of new proton conducting membrane for fuel cell applications based on porous polyimide Matrimid® and hydrophobic protic ionic liquid. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Rogalsky
- Laboratory of Modification of Polymers V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oksana Tarasyuk
- Laboratory of Modification of Polymers V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Natalia Babkina
- Department of Physics and Chemistry of Polymers Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Stanislav Makhno
- Laboratory of Electrophysics of Nanomaterials Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Olexandra Pertko
- Laboratory of Modification of Polymers V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Povazhnyi
- Laboratory of Modification of Polymers V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Cherniavska
- Laboratory of Electrophysics of Nanomaterials Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Fatyeyeva
- Laboratory of Polymers, Biopolymers, Surfaces Université de Rouen Rouen France
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Zunita M, Hastuti R, Alamsyah A, Kadja GT, Khoiruddin K, Kurnia KA, Yuliarto B, Wenten I. Polyionic liquid membrane: Recent development and perspective. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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5
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Watanabe H, Arai N, Jihae H, Kawana Y, Umebayashi Y. Ionic conduction within non-stoichiometric N-Methylimidazole-Acetic Acid Pseudo-Protic ionic liquid mixtures. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kulasekaran P, Maria Mahimai B, Deivanayagam P. Novel sulfonated polystyrene-block-poly (ethylene-ran- butylene)-block-poly styrene / graphene oxide / ammonium ionic liquid based ternary composite: An efficient ion-exchange solid electrolyte. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1988965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Poonkuzhali Kulasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Berlina Maria Mahimai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Paradesi Deivanayagam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
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The Structure of the Electric Double Layer of the Protic Ionic Liquid [Dema][TfO] Analyzed by Atomic Force Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312653. [PMID: 34884462 PMCID: PMC8658030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Protic ionic liquids are promising electrolytes for fuel cell applications. They would allow for an increase in operation temperatures to more than 100 °C, facilitating water and heat management and, thus, increasing overall efficiency. As ionic liquids consist of bulky charged molecules, the structure of the electric double layer significantly differs from that of aqueous electrolytes. In order to elucidate the nanoscale structure of the electrolyte–electrode interface, we employ atomic force spectroscopy, in conjunction with theoretical modeling using molecular dynamics. Investigations of the low-acidic protic ionic liquid diethylmethylammonium triflate, in contact with a platinum (100) single crystal, reveal a layered structure consisting of alternating anion and cation layers at the interface, as already described for aprotic ionic liquids. The structured double layer depends on the applied electrode potential and extends several nanometers into the liquid, whereby the stiffness decreases with increasing distance from the interface. The presence of water distorts the layering, which, in turn, significantly changes the system’s electrochemical performance. Our results indicate that for low-acidic ionic liquids, a careful adjustment of the water content is needed in order to enhance the proton transport to and from the catalytic electrode.
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Kobzar YL, Azzouz G, Albadri H, Levillain J, Dez I, Gaumont AC, Lecamp L, Chappey C, Marais S, Fatyeyeva K. Novel Ionic Conducting Composite Membrane Based on Polymerizable Ionic Liquids. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213704. [PMID: 34771259 PMCID: PMC8588533 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the design and characterization of new supported ionic liquid membranes, as medium-temperature polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel-cell application, are described. These membranes were elaborated by the impregnation of porous polyimide Matrimid® with different synthesized protic ionic liquids containing polymerizable vinyl, allyl, or methacrylate groups. The ionic liquid polymerization was optimized in terms of the nature of the used (photo)initiator, its quantity, and reaction duration. The mechanical and thermal properties, as well as the proton conductivities of the supported ionic liquid membranes were analyzed in dynamic and static modes, as a function of the chemical structure of the protic ionic liquid. The obtained membranes were found to be flexible with Young’s modulus and elongation at break values were equal to 1371 MPa and 271%, respectively. Besides, these membranes exhibited high thermal stability with initial decomposition temperatures > 300 °C. In addition, the resulting supported membranes possessed good proton conductivity over a wide temperature range (from 30 to 150 °C). For example, the three-component Matrimid®/vinylimidazolium/polyvinylimidazolium trifluoromethane sulfonate membrane showed the highest proton conductivity—~5 × 10−2 mS/cm and ~0.1 mS/cm at 100 °C and 150 °C, respectively. This result makes the obtained membranes attractive for medium-temperature fuel-cell application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav L. Kobzar
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymerès Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), 76000 Rouen, France; (Y.L.K.); (G.A.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Ghania Azzouz
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymerès Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), 76000 Rouen, France; (Y.L.K.); (G.A.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Hashim Albadri
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique, 14000 Caen, France; (H.A.); (J.L.); (I.D.); (A.-C.G.)
| | - Jocelyne Levillain
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique, 14000 Caen, France; (H.A.); (J.L.); (I.D.); (A.-C.G.)
| | - Isabelle Dez
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique, 14000 Caen, France; (H.A.); (J.L.); (I.D.); (A.-C.G.)
| | - Annie-Claude Gaumont
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique, 14000 Caen, France; (H.A.); (J.L.); (I.D.); (A.-C.G.)
| | - Laurence Lecamp
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymerès Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), 76000 Rouen, France; (Y.L.K.); (G.A.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Corinne Chappey
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymerès Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), 76000 Rouen, France; (Y.L.K.); (G.A.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Stéphane Marais
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymerès Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), 76000 Rouen, France; (Y.L.K.); (G.A.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Kateryna Fatyeyeva
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymerès Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), 76000 Rouen, France; (Y.L.K.); (G.A.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence:
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He S, Lu Z, Dai W, Yang K, Xue Y, Jia X, Lin J. Anchoring Water Soluble Phosphotungstic Acid by Hybrid Fillers to Construct Three-Dimensional Proton Transport Networks. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:536. [PMID: 34357185 PMCID: PMC8303771 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphotungstic acid (HPW)-filled composite proton exchange membranes possess high proton conductivity under low relative humidity (RH). However, the leaching of HPW limits their wide application. Herein, we propose a novel approach for anchoring water soluble phosphotungstic acid (HPW) by polydopamine (PDA) coated graphene oxide and halloysite nanotubes (DGO and DHNTs) in order to construct hybrid three-dimensional proton transport networks in a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane. The introduction of PDA on the surfaces of the hybrid fillers could provide hydroxyl groups and secondary amine groups to anchor HPW, resulting in the uniform dispersion of HPW in the SPEEK matrix. The SPEEK/DGO/DHNTs/HPW (90/5/5/60) composite membrane exhibited higher water uptake and much better conductivity than the SPEEK membrane at low relative humidity. The best conductivity reached wass 0.062 S cm-1 for the composite membrane, which is quite stable during the water immersion test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojian He
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.H.); (Z.L.); (W.D.); (K.Y.); (X.J.)
| | - Zhongrui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.H.); (Z.L.); (W.D.); (K.Y.); (X.J.)
| | - Wenxu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.H.); (Z.L.); (W.D.); (K.Y.); (X.J.)
| | - Kangning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.H.); (Z.L.); (W.D.); (K.Y.); (X.J.)
| | - Yang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.H.); (Z.L.); (W.D.); (K.Y.); (X.J.)
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.H.); (Z.L.); (W.D.); (K.Y.); (X.J.)
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Ebrahimi M, Kujawski W, Fatyeyeva K, Kujawa J. A Review on Ionic Liquids-Based Membranes for Middle and High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEM FCs). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5430. [PMID: 34063925 PMCID: PMC8196583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, the use of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) possessing ionic liquids (ILs) in middle and high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (MT-PEMFCs and HT-PEMFCs) have been increased. ILs are the organic salts, and they are typically liquid at the temperature lower than 100 °C with high conductivity and thermal stability. The membranes containing ILs can conduct protons through the PEMs at elevated temperatures (more than 80 °C), unlike the Nafion-based membranes. A wide range of ILs have been identified, including chiral ILs, bio-ILs, basic ILs, energetic ILs, metallic ILs, and neutral ILs, that, from among them, functionalized ionic liquids (FILs) include a lot of ion exchange groups in their structure that improve and accelerate proton conduction through the polymeric membrane. In spite of positive features of using ILs, the leaching of ILs from the membranes during the operation of fuel cell is the main downside of these organic salts, which leads to reducing the performance of the membranes; however, there are some ways to diminish leaching from the membranes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of these issues by evaluating key studies that have been undertaken in the last years in order to present objective and comprehensive updated information that presents the progress that has been made in this field. Significant information regarding the utilization of ILs in MT-PEMFCs and HT-PEMFCs, ILs structure, properties, and synthesis is given. Moreover, leaching of ILs as a challenging demerit and the possible methods to tackle this problem are approached in this paper. The present review will be of interest to chemists, electrochemists, environmentalists, and any other researchers working on sustainable energy production field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ebrahimi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.E.); (J.K.)
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA ROUEN, CNRS, Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Wojciech Kujawski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Kateryna Fatyeyeva
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA ROUEN, CNRS, Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Joanna Kujawa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.E.); (J.K.)
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